{"id":628,"date":"2014-12-01T10:13:46","date_gmt":"2014-12-01T08:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/?p=628"},"modified":"2015-01-30T11:26:02","modified_gmt":"2015-01-30T09:26:02","slug":"goya-duquesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/goya-duquesa\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:es-->Goya y la Duquesa<!--:--><!--:en-->Goya and the Duchess<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:es-->Con ocasi\u00f3n del reciente fallecimiento en la ciudad de Sevilla, el 20 de noviembre pasado, de D\u00aa Mar\u00eda del Rosario Cayetana Victoria Alfonsa Fitz-James Stuart y de Silva, 19th Duquesa de Alba y Duquesa de Berwick, nuevamente ha venido a la actualidad <em>coloquial<\/em> y no s\u00f3lo de las revistas del coraz\u00f3n, la fantas\u00eda ya tradicional de la historia de amor entre la entonces Duquesa de Alba (Mar\u00eda Teresa del Pilar Cayetana de Silva) y Francisco de Goya. Una leyenda urbana, todo un mito rom\u00e1ntico, que fue desmontado por D\u00aa Manuela Mena junto con la historiadora alemana Gudrun M\u00fchle-Maurer a finales de 2006 o principio de 2007. Tras un estudio de dos a\u00f1os, ambas documentaban una relaci\u00f3n entre Goya y la duquesa \u201cm\u00e1s real y rigurosa\u201d. La tesis de D\u00aa Manuela Mena, que compartimos en muchos casos, es que \u201chay que ver a Goya desde un punto de vista hist\u00f3rico-art\u00edstico puro y duro\u201d. Y en otro momento afirma como dec\u00eda Roberto Longhi, que los historiadores deben tener esp\u00edritu cr\u00edtico y poner en tela de juicio todo. Porque \u201cla Historia del Arte no es ciencia, pero buscamos la verdad, como los cient\u00edficos\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Sin embargo quedan dudas m\u00e1s o menos llamativas que el tiempo se encargar\u00e1 de disipar, m\u00e1xime cuando el mito es tan fuerte y atractivo que en todo momento habr\u00e1 quien se incline m\u00e1s por la tesis sentimental y popular que por los argumentos documentales y cient\u00edficos, por concluyentes que puedan ser. Y esto sucede hasta hoy, incluso en la opini\u00f3n de reputados cient\u00edficos e historiadores, como relata la misma Gudrun M\u00fchle-Maurer cuando se refiere a su maestro.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-629\" src=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Francisco-Goya-Maja_Vestida.jpg\" alt=\"la maja vestida de Goya\" width=\"989\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Francisco-Goya-Maja_Vestida.jpg 989w, https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Francisco-Goya-Maja_Vestida-300x147.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6>La Maja vestida. Oleo\/lienzo. 95 x 188 cm. Francisco de Goya.<br \/>\nh. 1802-1805. Museo del Prado. Madrid<\/h6>\n<p>El Museo del Prado ha publicado hace unos d\u00edas un informe en el que se desmiente, una vez m\u00e1s, que la retratada en los famosos cuadros de la <em>Maja<\/em> desnuda y la <em>Maja<\/em> vestida fuera precisamente la citada duquesa (tesis que pudo transmitir por escrito en 1843 el escritor franc\u00e9s Louis Viardot, quien afirma que en la Academia de San Fernando \u2013donde se ocultaron <em>las Majas<\/em> durante todo el siglo XIX &#8211; \u201ccre\u00edan (ya entonces) que representaba a la Duquesa de Alba\u201d ). El Prado, por el contrario, sostiene que la protagonista de las pinturas sea la valenciana Josefa Tud\u00f3, condesa de Castillofiel , que a la saz\u00f3n era la amante de Godoy. El Primer Ministro de Carlos IV, Godoy, fue quien encarg\u00f3 a Goya ambas <em>Majas <\/em>para su colecci\u00f3n personal.<\/p>\n<p>El museo describe que esta condesa: \u201cHab\u00eda nacido en 1779 en C\u00e1diz y era de origen catal\u00e1n. Ya en 1797 su presencia era se\u00f1alada en la corte de Espa\u00f1a junto a Godoy, quien pidi\u00f3 al poeta Mel\u00e9ndez Vald\u00e9s, amigo de Goya, que compusiera unos versos en su honor (\u2026) Al morir la condesa de Chinch\u00f3n \u2013esposa de Godoy-en 1828, la Castillofiel se cas\u00f3 en Roma con Godoy y no pudo volver a Espa\u00f1a hasta la muerte de Fernando VII, quien sent\u00eda por ella un gran desprecio\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La pregunta, ahora, es qui\u00e9n es la mujer de las <em>Majas<\/em>, \u00bfJosefa (Pepita) Tud\u00f3 o M\u00aa Teresa de Alba?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-630\" src=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLGMF03799_P.jpg\" alt=\"Retrato de Josefa Tud\u00f3\" width=\"336\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLGMF03799_P.jpg 336w, https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLGMF03799_P-259x300.jpg 259w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6>Retrato de Josefa Tud\u00f3. Miniatura. Autor Desconocido<br \/>\nMuseo L\u00e1zaro Galdiano. Madrid<\/h6>\n<p>Igual que ahora Manuela Mena y Gudrun M\u00fchle-Maurer, el primer bi\u00f3grafo de Goya, el franc\u00e9s Charles Yriarte, en 1867, contradice la tesis del \u201cparecido\u201d entre la <em>Maja<\/em> y la Duquesa, precisamente, entre otros argumentos, por la falta de parecido. Y parad\u00f3jicamente (\u00a1) por el parecido preciso entre la Tud\u00f3 y <em>Las Majas<\/em>, como muestra la miniatura del Retrato de la condesa de Castillofiel, Josefa Tud\u00f3, de autor desconocido, que se conserva en el Museo L\u00e1zaro Galdiano de Madrid<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cineastas como Carlos Saura o Bigas Luna, entre otros, no tuvieron inconveniente en entrar en esta historia y realizar filmes sobre la misma pero, sobre ellos est\u00e1 la figura de otro aragon\u00e9s m\u00e1s que ilustre: Luis Bu\u00f1uel. En el oto\u00f1o de 1926 recibe el encargo \u2013luego fallido- de la Junta Magna del Centenario de Zaragoza, tambi\u00e9n llamada Junta regional para distinguirla de la nacional, de redactar un <em>scenario<\/em> o gui\u00f3n literario \u2013 y posteriormente una segmentaci\u00f3n o desarrollo m\u00e1s t\u00e9cnico- para la realizaci\u00f3n de un film de episodios sobre Goya. Luis Bu\u00f1uel, como muy bien relata Gonzalo M. Borr\u00e1s (1), se lo toma en serio e incluso llega a realizar un viaje a Fuendetodos en 1926 acompa\u00f1ado por miembros de la Junta (probablemente los de la comisi\u00f3n especial, encabezada por Eloy Ch\u00f3liz y otras personas relevantes de la ciudad).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-631\" src=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/insignia_centenario.jpg\" alt=\"Insignia del centenario de Goya\" width=\"560\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/insignia_centenario.jpg 560w, https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/insignia_centenario-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6>Insignia del centenario de Goya.<br \/>\nZaragoza, 1928<\/h6>\n<p>Bu\u00f1uel se documenta sobre la biograf\u00eda de Goya, y se deja en cierto modo inspirar por Salcedo, por el conde de la Vi\u00f1aza y por los franceses Charles Yriarte y el imaginativo Matheron, con lo que llega a apostar por una trasnochada biograf\u00eda rom\u00e1ntica de Goya y su apasionada vida; lo cual queda lejos del pensamiento de la Junta. Para Bu\u00f1uel la duquesa de Alba fue la constante obsesi\u00f3n en la vida de Goya y el tema culminante de su film, pero por circunstancias varias el proyecto cinematogr\u00e1fico fracasa \u201caunque oficialmente s\u00f3lo se le adujeran razones econ\u00f3micas\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hay quienes muestran alegr\u00eda por dicho fracaso, sobre todo porque de ese modo se impidi\u00f3 que Bu\u00f1uel pudiera cometer un error en su carrera cinematogr\u00e1fica. Pero tambi\u00e9n hay quienes, como Nigel Glendinning, se lamentan de que no lo llevase adelante <em>dadas las concomitancias personales existentes entre Bu\u00f1uel y su tema, compartiendo con Goya su procedencia y entorno aragon\u00e9s, la sordera y la creencia en la libertad del artista.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tal y como todav\u00eda sucede hoy mismo, a lo largo del siglo XX ha seguido viva esta idea rom\u00e1ntica y hasta tal punto ha llegado la disyuntiva que en 1945 el propio duque de Alba, Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falc\u00f3 \u2013siguiendo una costumbre entonces muy en boga- orden\u00f3 exhumar los restos de su antepasada, a fin de demostrar que sus huesos correspond\u00edan a la anatom\u00eda de <em>La maja desnuda. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Por el contrario, el desde hace unos d\u00edas nuevo Duque de Alba, Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Mart\u00ednez de Irujo declar\u00f3 en 2012 que \u201cla Duquesa que pint\u00f3 Goya hizo institucionalmente mucho da\u00f1o a la Casa de Alba\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Frente a tantas idas y venidas, tanto postulador de una y otra causa, quiz\u00e1s la siempre erudita y serena Jeannine Baticle (2) nos da el mejor ejemplo al considerar con rigor su conclusi\u00f3n sobre el mismo: <em>la devoradora pasi\u00f3n que los autores rom\u00e1nticos le han atribuido, probablemente, s\u00f3lo existi\u00f3 en su imaginaci\u00f3n.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Gonzalo de Diego<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(1)Goya : La Duquesa de Alba y Goya: Gui\u00f3n y sinopsis cinematogr\u00e1fica. <\/em>Instituto de Estudios Turolenses. Colecci\u00f3n Luis Bu\u00f1uel. Teruel, 1992. Introducci\u00f3n de Gonzalo M. Borr\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<p>(2) <em>Jeannine Baticle, \u201cGoya y la Duquesa de Alba: \u00bfQu\u00e9 tal?<\/em> En Goya. <em>Nuevas Visiones. <\/em>Homenaje a Enrique Lafuente Ferrari, Madrid, Amigos del Museo del Prado, 1987.<!--:--><!--:en--><\/p>\n<p><p>On the occasion of the recent death in Seville, on last 20<sup>th<\/sup> November, Mrs. Mar\u00eda del Rosario Cayetana Victoria Alfonsa Fitz-James Stuart y de Silva, 19<sup>th<\/sup> Duchess of Alba and Duchess of Berwick, again it has come to the <em>colloquial<\/em> today and not only the social journals, the traditional fantasy of the love affair between the then Duchess of Alba (Mar\u00eda Teresa del Pilar Cayetana de Silva) and Francisco de Goya. An urban legend, all a romantic myth, which was dismantled by Mrs. Manuela Mena together with German historian Gudrun M\u00fchle-Maurer at the end of 2006 or beginning of 2007. After a two-year study, both documented a relationship between Goya and the Duchess &#8220;more real and rigorous&#8221;. The thesis of Mrs. Manuela Mena, who shares in many cases, is that \u201cyou must see Goya from a historical-artistic point of view pure and simple&#8221;. And in another moment as said Roberto Longhi, that historians should have critical spirit and put into question all it says. Because &#8220;The History of Art is not science, but we are looking for the truth, as scientists.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>However there are more or less conspicuous doubts that time will dissipate, especially when the myth is so strong and attractive at all times there will be who tilt is more for the sentimental and popular thesis than by the documentary and scientific arguments by conclusive they may be. And this happens until today, even in the opinion of famous scientists and historians, as says the same Gudrun M\u00fchle-Maurer when referring to his master.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-629\" src=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Francisco-Goya-Maja_Vestida.jpg\" alt=\"la maja vestida de Goya\" width=\"989\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Francisco-Goya-Maja_Vestida.jpg 989w, https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Francisco-Goya-Maja_Vestida-300x147.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6>The clothed Maja. Oil on canvas. 95 x 188 cm<br \/>\nFrancisco de Goya. Circa 1802-1805. Prado Museum. Madrid<\/h6>\n<p>The Prado Museum has published a few days ago a report that refutes, once again, that the portrayed in the famous paintings of \u2018The nude Maja\u2019 and \u2018The clothed <em>Maja<\/em>\u2019 was precisely the aforementioned Duchess (thesis that could leave in written in 1843 the French writer Louis Viardot, who says that in the <em>Academia de San Fernando<\/em> &#8211; where the <em>Majas<\/em> hid during the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century &#8211; &#8220;(even then) believed that it represented the Duchess of Alba&#8221;). The Prado, on the other hand, argues that the protagonist of the paintings is the Valencian Josefa Tud\u00f3, Countess of Castillofiel, which then was the mistress of Godoy. The Prime Minister of Charles IV, Godoy, was who instructed Goya both <em>Majas<\/em> for his personal collection.<\/p>\n<p>The museum describes this Countess: &#8220;she was born in 1779 in Cadiz and was of Catalan origin. In 1797 her presence was pointed out in the Court of Spain along with Godoy, who asked the poet Mel\u00e9ndez Vald\u00e9s, a friend of Goya, he composed verses in her honor (&#8230;) On the death of the Countess of Chinch\u00f3n &#8211; wife of Godoy-in 1828, the Castillofiel married Godoy in Rome and could not return to Spain until the death of king Fernando VII, who felt a great contempt for her.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The question is, now, who is the woman of the <em>Majas<\/em>, Josefa (Pepita) Tud\u00f3 or Mar\u00eda Teresa de Alba?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-630\" src=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLGMF03799_P.jpg\" alt=\"Retrato de Josefa Tud\u00f3\" width=\"336\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLGMF03799_P.jpg 336w, https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLGMF03799_P-259x300.jpg 259w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6>Portrait of Josefa Tud\u00f3.\u00a0Miniature<br \/>\nUnknown autor.\u00a0L\u00e1zaro Galdiano Museum. Madrid<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Like now Manuela Mena and Gudrun M\u00fchle-Maurer, the first biographer of Goya, French Charles Yriarte, in 1867, contradicts the thesis of the &#8220;like&#8221; between the Maja and the Duchess, precisely, among other arguments, by the lack of resemblance. Paradoxically (!) by the resemblance must be between the Tud\u00f3 and the Majas, as shown in the thumbnail of the portrait of the Countess of Castillofiel, Josefa Tud\u00f3, by an unknown author, which is preserved in the L\u00e1zaro Galdiano Museum in Madrid<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Filmmakers such as Carlos Saura or Bigas Luna, among others, had no difficulty in entering this story and make films about the same, but above them is the figure of another Aragonese more than illustrious: Luis Bu\u00f1uel. In the autumn of 1926 receives the order \u2013 then failed \u2013 from the Magna Board of the centenary of Zaragoza, also called regional board to distinguish it from the national , to write a scenario or literary script \u2013 and subsequently a segmentation or developing more technical- for the making of a film of episodes about Goya. Luis Bu\u00f1uel, as well recounts Gonzalo M. Borr\u00e1s (1), takes it seriously and even make a trip to Fuendetodos in 1926, accompanied by members of the Board (probably those of the Special Commission, led by Eloy Ch\u00f3liz and other relevant people from the city).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-631\" src=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/insignia_centenario.jpg\" alt=\"Insignia del centenario de Goya\" width=\"560\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/insignia_centenario.jpg 560w, https:\/\/realgoya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/insignia_centenario-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/p>\n<h6>The Centennial logo of Goya<br \/>\nZaragoza, 1928<\/h6>\n<p>Bu\u00f1uel is documented on the biography of Goya, and lets himself in a way be inspired by Salcedo, by the count of Vi\u00f1aza and by the Frenchmen Charles Yriarte and the imaginative Matheron, which comes to bet on a haggard and romantic biography of Goya and his passionate life; which is far from the thinking of the Board. To Bu\u00f1uel, the Duchess of Alba was constant obsession in life of Goya and the culminating theme of his film, but due to several circumstances film project fails &#8220;although officially only be given economic reasons&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>There are those who show joy by this failure, because thereby prevented that Bu\u00f1uel could commit an error in his film career. But there are also people like Nigel Glendinning, lament that <em>not take forward given the personal similarities existing between Bu\u00f1uel and his theme, sharing with Goya his origin and Aragonese environment, deafness and the belief in the freedom of the artist.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>As it still happens today, throughout the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century has continued living this romantic idea and to such an extent has come the dilemma that in 1945 the own Duke of Alba, Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falc\u00f3 &#8211; following a custom then very much in vogue- ordered to exhume the remains of his ancestor, in order to demonstrate her bones correspond to the anatomy of the nude <em>Maja<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>On the contrary, since last few days the brand new Duke of Alba, Carlos Fitz-James Stuart and Mart\u00ednez de Irujo, in 2012 declared that &#8220;the Duchess that Goya painted made institutionally much damage to the House of Alba&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>With so many comings and goings, both postulator of one or another cause, perhaps the always erudite and serene Jeannine Baticle (2) gives us the best example considering rigorously her conclusion about the same: <em>devouring passion which the romantic authors have attributed to him probably existed only in their imagination<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gonzalo de Diego<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(1)Goya : La Duquesa de Alba y Goya: Gui\u00f3n y sinopsis cinematogr\u00e1fica.<\/em> (Goya: The Duchess of Alba and Goya: screenplay and film synopsis)<\/p>\n<p>Teruel Studies Institute. Luis Bu\u00f1uel collection. Teruel, 1992. Introduction of Gonzalo M. Borr\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<p>(2) <em>Jeannine Baticle, \u201cGoya y la Duquesa de Alba: \u00bfQu\u00e9 tal?\u201d <\/em>(Goya and the Duchess of Alba: What about it?)<\/p>\n<p>In Goya. <em>Nuevas Visiones.<\/em> Tribute to Enrique Lafuente Ferrari, friends of the Prado Museum, 1987.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Con ocasi\u00f3n del reciente fallecimiento en la ciudad de Sevilla, el 20 de noviembre pasado, de D\u00aa Mar\u00eda del Rosario Cayetana Victoria Alfonsa Fitz-James Stuart y de Silva, 19th Duquesa de Alba y Duquesa de Berwick, nuevamente ha venido a la actualidad coloquial y no s\u00f3lo de las revistas del coraz\u00f3n, la fantas\u00eda ya tradicional [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sin-categoria"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=628"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/628\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=628"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/realgoya.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}