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Goyescas by Enrique Granados • G&L6

Goya in literature 6

Goya and the music again. This time it’s a tribute in his centenary year to Maestro Enrique Granados and his work Goyescas, inspired in the figure of Don Francisco de Goya.

Enrique Granados y Campiña was born in Lerida on 27 July 1867. Fond of music since childhood, he began piano studies first with José Junceda and already in Barcelona, at the age of twelve, the master Pujol. In 1887 he goes to Paris where he continued his studies for two years under the direction of maestro Charles de Beriot. In 1889 he returned to Barcelona dedicating himself to the composition and the teaching of piano, becoming an important personality in the catalan art scene and founding in 1901 the Granados Academy, artistic focus of enormous influence whose line was then extended with figures like Rosa Sabater and Alicia de Larrocha.

Gifted with exquisite sensitivity and an unsurpassed elegance of ideas, his productions bear an unmistakable hallmark of grace, spontaneity and depth of feelings, especially in those of his works inspired by Spanish popular rhythms and melodic turns.

Goyescas, works for piano, was presented on 11 March 1911 at the Palau de la Música catalana.  The musician is inspired by the figure of Don Francisco de Goya, the painter of the nobility in their classrooms and aristocratic circles; Portrait of monarchs and actresses of farandulas; governors and valid; people joying in countryside environments; majos and majas lovers and gentles; intellectuals and philosophers of the enlightenment period; the traditional sphere and palace poses… And above all, Goya creator of the “Whims”, “Nonsense”, “Disasters of War” and the “Black Paintings”.

Truly goyesco musical themes are popular, in reference to tapestries and fabrics in which the instruments deployed its sound outdoor: “Dancing on the banks of the Manzanares”, “The blind man with the guitar”. We will now cite the words of master Granados on his work:

“I’ve had the joy of finding something great. The “Goyescas”, “Los majos enamorados” already carry much treaded. On their way along the path of truth, a portion of reptiles have been striking in the frog closures of the goyescas garments. Thanks to these creatures so low I’m perfecting me. I served as a point of comparison and without any effort I feel raise – me on them. Forgive”. “Goyescas is a work forever. At this point I am convinced”. “I have composed a collection of “Goyescas” of great flight and difficulty. They are my efforts to arrive. They say that I have arrived. I fell in love with the psychology of Goya; of his palette. He and the Duchess of Alba; its maja (nice) lady, of their models, their quarrels, loves and flattery. That white pink cheeks contrasting with lace and black velvet with frog closures; those bodies of rippling waists, hands of mother-of-Pearl and Jasmine guest houses on azabaches, they have upset me…”.

Goyescas El Pelele is distributed in two books and an independent El Pelele number. The titles are as follows: Los Requiebros, Coloquio en la Reja, Fandango de Candil, Quejas (Complaints), or La Maja y el Ruiseñor (The Maja and the Nightingale), El amor y la Muerte (Love and Death) and El Epílogo (Serenata del Espectro) (the Epilogue (Serenade of the Spectrum)).

The first part opens with Los Requiebros, of great technical importance. It’s a Jota, where rhythms are interspersed with projecting a fantasy and colourful. It is a display of the best contrapuntismo, bright to the peak. The large number of ornaments and ornamentation (trills, mordents, arabesques) suggest teachers such as Scarlatti, Padre Soler and Mateo Albéniz.

It contrasts the Coloquio en la reja, inspired by love and tragedy environment. Magnificent score in which triumph two aspects equally: the instrumental and vocal. It’s required to the interpreter a special sweetness to address these staves full of charm, more spirited, melancholy and sensuality… The master’s own indications make us reflect: “all the basses imitating the guitar”, “ternezza”, “legatto in bass notes” and especially reins “rubato”. We refer to the typically Spanish ‘rubato’, difficult in proportions, elegant but daring.

We are presented with the Fandango de Candil, based on the tune of the Currutacas modestas, as rhythmic dance full of harmonic wealth. The piano is twinned with the guitar, being always faithful to the elegance and consubstantial refinements in Granados. A beautiful melody expressive singing it sandwiched in the middle. The triplet clouds the rhythmic design of the piece, recalling the castanet soniquete.

Quejas, or La Maja y el Ruiseñor, is the most popular and perhaps the most inspired of all fragments. The numerous trills allow hear edges of the maja and the bird. The prevailing romanticism in the entire piece, leaves show through the great passionate tension. It can be considered true gem of the piano repertoire, for its high quality in the preparation and the way. We remember for their adequate interpretation a few indications of the own Granados: “with jealousy of women, not with sadness of the widow”.

el amor y la muerte • Francisco de Goya

10. EL AMOR Y LA MUERTE
CAPRICHO
AGUAFUERTE, AGUATINTA BRUÑIDA Y BURIL
219 X 152 MM.

Granados begins the second part of this collection inspired by the tremendous dialectic love/death, present in the Caprichos of Goya (the title of the number 10 is precisely Love and Death). Perhaps what most surprises us in these pages is the simplicity of form and so little ornate writing. However, the effects are employees with the best taste in the compilation of themes already previously used, extracted parts as discussed in this series. The point is that one in which the subject of the maja takes a painful accent. The indication is significant: “Very expressive and as happiness in pain”.

Finally, it appears the epilogue that encloses the Serenade of the Spectrum that forwards to the feverish fantasy of the last Goya. It is a mysterious “allegretto”, of ghostly intent in the verse. A pure-blooded, tonadillesco, skeletal, spectrum disappears to tuning the strings of his guitar…

Another admirable Goya stamp of Granados is El Pelele, works best as isolated piece that culmination of Goyescas, since his style breaks that soft and dramatic line of which we have spoken. Again shines the Tonadilla, and virtuosity and technical display here take the reins of this page full of bravery, brio and lighting effect that makes the clearest exponent of the maturity of a Granados consolidated.

This previous experience, leads to the composer, in collaboration with his friend and famous writer Fernando Periquet, to compose an opera that take advantage of the same musical material of the piano series, and whose libretto was also chaired by a goyesco environment. According to statements of Periquet and Granados, the main couple is inspired by the own Goya and the Duchess of Alba; Paquiro, bullfighter, is the Martincho that Goya painted in several sequences of La Tauromaquia, and Captain adheres to a character from the series Los Caprichos.

The premiere of the opera Goyescas, intended at first to the Opera of Paris, which was cancelled because of the war, premiered in New York on 28 January 1916 with great success, attended by expressly master Granados accompanied by his wife. There, a few days earlier, and only stepping in to fill a change of scene, was born the «Intermezzo», which was applauded development and had its own independent history as brilliant concert piece. Opera in three pictures ended however, as an unusual and exquisite guest of scenarios, even in their country.

When they returned to Spain, the boat they were travelling was torpe bombed by a German torpedo thus ending this intense creative life on 24 March 1916.

It only remains to sit down and listen to the music of Granados, pure pleasure.

(notes from Internet:)

. Enrique Granados, Goyescas. “Quejas o la maja y el ruiseñor“.

. The treasures of the library.

. Goyescas of Enrique Granados: Goya and Granados in unison).

Discography

Columbia 1957: directs Ataúlfo Argenta and sing Consuelo Rubio, Ana María Iriarte, Manuel Ausensi and Ginés Torrano.

Audivis Valois 1997?: directs Antoni Ros Marbá and sing María Bayo, Ramón Vargas, Enrique Baquerizo and Lola Casariego.

Silvia Pagliano

Maestro Barbieri • G&L5Maestro Barbieri • G&L5

Pan y Toros. Goya en la literatura 5 • Noviembre de 2015

Literatura, Música y Teatro honran una vez más la figura de Don Francisco de Goya .Esta vez se trata de la famosa Zarzuela Pan y toros del maestro Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, compositor, musicólogo y director de orquesta madrileño. Se trata de una zarzuela en tres actos, con libreto en verso de José Picón. Se estrenó el 22 de diciembre de 1864 en el Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid.

EL ARGUMENTO

El título de la obra alude a la expresión castellana, heredera del latín panem et circenses ( pan y circo ), que describe la fiesta de los toros como una diversión que nutre las bajas pasiones del pueblo y amortigua los conflictos sociales.

El argumento se centra en la España de finales del siglo XVIII, y narra una conspiración liberal para que el rey Carlos IV se deshaga de la influencia de su primer ministro, Manuel de Godoy.

La intriga política que da lugar a la historia sitúa, por un lado, la inicua aristocracia corrupta, los afrancesados y la camarilla, encabezados por el corregidor Quiñones y Pepita Tudó, amante de Godoy, y por otra, el pueblo, los ilustrados y la aristocracia culta, con Goya, la princesa de Luzán y el capitán Peñaranda, y como líder y salvador de la patria, Jovellanos. Los toreros Pepe-Hillo, Pedro Romero y Costillares hacen también su aparición en la obra.

Es un fresco histórico al que Barbieri dota de una música que hunde sus raíces en lo popular y ‘goyesco’. Así, destaca la dignificación de la tonadilla del siglo XVIII, entre otros motivos del folclore musical español, como el bolero, la jota, la seguidilla, el pasodoble, la gavota y la contradanza y personajes como los vendedores, manolos, manolas, alguaciles, guardias valonas, cofrades y bailarinas.

Se trata de la primera obra teatral de éxito que introduce la figura de Goya, considerándose por lo tanto precursora de los temas goyescos que tanto éxito y difusión tendrían a lo largo del siglo XIX.

Debido a su contenido político sufrió problemas con la censura bajo el reinado de Isabel II.

EL COMPOSITOR

Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, nació en Madrid el 3 de agosto de 1823 en la calle Zorrilla, conocida entonces como del Sordo, y murió en la misma ciudad el 17 de febrero de 1894. Tras iniciar estudios de Medicina e Ingeniería, la opera italiana decidió su vocación.

Cuenta José Luís Téllez que Barbieri es la personalidad musical más importante nacida en España entre Antonio Soler e Isaac Albéniz y estaría llamado a llevar hasta su cenit el modelo de zarzuela en tres actos.

De sus grandes obras destacan: Gloria y peluca (1850), Jugar con fuego(1851), Los diamantes de la Corona (1854), Mis dos mujeres (1855), El diablo en el poder(1856), Pan y Toros (1864) y El barberillo de Lavapiés (1884), considerada su obra maestra.

Fundó la Sociedad de Bibliófilos, fue un investigador infatigable en los archivos de la Catedral de Toledo, El Monasterio del Escorial y el Palacio Real de Madrid y publicó, entre otras joyas, el “Cancionero de Palacio” fuente inagotable de inspiración para él y los músicos que le sucedieron. Además contribuyó decisivamente a la construcción del Teatro de la Zarzuela inaugurado el 10 de octubre de 1856.

EL LIBRETISTA

José Picón García nació en Madrid en 1829.

Estudió arquitectura pero abandonó la carrera para dedicarse por com-pleto a la literatura dramática. Atraído por el teatro, estrenó en 1859 una pieza breve, El solterón, que tuvo mucho éxito. Se especializó en libretos de zarzuela, de los que compuso varios para Cristóbal Oudrid y Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, sobre todo. Obtuvo la popularidad con el libreto de Pan y toros, con música de Asenjo Barbieri y estrenado el 22 de diciembre de 1864, en el Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid; la obra se representó durante tres años sin interrupción y fue prohibida por la reina Isabel II por presuntas alusiones antimonárquicas.

Como libretista de zarzuela es uno de los mejores y menos convencionales de la historia del teatro lírico. Falleció en Valladolid, en 1873.

LA OBRA

El origen de Pan y Toros (según el Diccionario de la Zarzuela), se empezó a escribir el 18 de enero de 1864, por lo que Picón tuvo que escribir el libreto, parcial o totalmente a lo largo del 1863. Por la otra parte, Salvador Valverde, asegura que Picón le entregó el libreto a Barbieri en 1864 y que Barbieri fue capaz de componerla en un solo mes. La obra, así mismo, se podría dividir en tres partes. La presentación responde al primer acto, en el que se muestran los personajes. La parte central representa el clímax dramático, el nudo, vital en la forma zarzuela grande. El desenlace final se produce en la última, el tercer acto.

Fue una de las obras de más éxito de todo el repertorio zarzuelístico, y por supuesto, de José Picón. Llenó los escenarios desde su estreno, tal como ya reconocía el autor ante la prohibición de la obra en 1867,( también se prohibió que las bandas hicieran uso del célebre pasacalle de la manole-ría).

PERSONAJES:

Princesa de Luján: Liberal, contraria a Godoy. Mezzosoprano.
Doña Pepita: Pepita Tudó, Esposa morganática de Godoy. Soprano.
La Tirana: Célebre tonadillera. Soprano.
La Duquesa: Duquesa de Alba: Soprano.
La ciega: Soprano
Peñaranda: Capitán del ejército. Barítono.
Goya: Famoso pintor. Barítono.
Abate: Tenor cómico.
General: Barítono.
Quiñones: Corregidor. Barítono.
Pedro Romero: Famoso torero. Tenor cómico.
Pepe-Hillo: Famoso torero. Bajo.
Costillares: Famoso torero. Barítono.
Santero: Tenor cómico.
Jovellanos: Ilustre liberal español. Actor.
Un hermano del pecado mortal: Bajo.
Un mozo de cordel: Tenor
La zarzuela consta de 15 números musicales. Se inicia con una intro-ducción instrumental, en la que el autor presenta los dos ambientes sobre los que se apoya la obra: el dramático con la cita de la Marsellesa, y el cómico, representado por la música de carácter popular hispano.

ACTO I.

La acción transcurre en Madrid en 1792. En escena, una familia de ciegos a orillas del Manzanares comentando las noticias del día. A la derecha, la casa y estudio de los Goya. Entra en escena el corregidor Quiñones y recibe las noticias del falso ciego sobre los últimos acontecimientos habidos en la casa de Francisco de Goya. El corregidor sube entonces a la casa de los Goya, donde mantiene una conversación con Doña Pepita, en la que comentan los nuevos sucesos políticos. Aparece el general, anun-ciando la derrota y la consecuente retirada del ejército español.

Para evitar posibles revueltas, el Corregidor ordena que se ofrezcan festejos taurinos, de los que se encargarán alguno de los toreros más populares: Pepe-Hillo, Romero o Costillares. En la ceremonia de elección de los toreros, el Abate, encargado por el Corregidor, hace trampa a favor de Romero. El capitán Peñaranda recuerda la desastrosa campaña militar y su asombro por ver cómo la gente en Madrid vive al margen de todo esto. En la casa de los Goya, el Corregidor ordena que detengan al capitán, pero aparece la Princesa y le consigue defender. En ese mismo momento avanza un desfile que tiene la intención de pedir disculpas públicamente al Rey, del soldado condenado a muerte. La Princesa, avanzando entre la muchedumbre, se dirige hacia el palacio a pedir liberación del soldado llevando, además, los documentos que le confió el Capitán Peñaranda.

ACTO II.

La acción transcurre en una calle madrileña. Es de noche. Desde el balcón de un palacio, donde se desarrolla un baile, el Ciego intenta convencer al Santero para lograr la muerte de un militar pero la llegada del pregonero del Pecado Mortal le asusta. Doña Pepita comenta al Corregidor sus preocupaciones, ya que la Princesa podría desestabilizar la escena, consiguió el indulto real, y además informó al Monarca de la situación militar. El Corregidor es consciente, y convence al Rey de la supuesta falsedad de esos documentos, confiando en que se firme la paz con Francia, lo que les permitiría mantener la situación política. Aparece la princesa -convencida de la inoperancia del Rey, que se preocupa de la caza y sólo escucha la opinión de Godoy- acompañada de Goya, el Capitán y el Abate. Debido a esta situación, deciden recurrir a Jovellanos. El Abate comunica la herida que Pepe-Hillo se ha hecho mientras toreaba. Se quiere hacer responsable de esto a la Princesa y a Jovellanos, por su deseo de cambiar con la tauromaquia. La Princesa se convence de que, ante esta situación, la lucha es necesaria. Cuando despide al Capitán le confiesa que fue ella quien le sanó sus heridas en Bayona. Cuando el Capitán se queda solo, el Santero intenta apuñalarle, pero al aparecerse el del Pecado Mortal se asusta. Ante esta situación el Ciego decide apuñalar al Santero. Al oír el grito mortal, el Corregidor cree que han matado al Capitán, según sus deseos.

ACTO III.

En escena, Jovellanos intenta convencer a la Princesa para que retrase la profesión de votos, mientras que alguien aparece por sorpresa y éste se oculta tras el tocador. Se trata de Doña Pepita, que pide perdón a la princesa y le anuncia que se ha firmado el armisticio entre Francia y España. El Corregidor y el General, que quieren apresurar el ingreso de      la Princesa en el convento, acuden para convencerla. El capote ensan-grentado del Capitán que presenta el corregidor, está a punto de hacer cambiar los planes de la Princesa, que escucha de repente fuera de casa una canción en la voz del capitán, por lo que comprende que sigue vivo      y decide enfrentarse con el Corregidor, doña Pepita y el General. Se pro-duce un instante de confusión en escena. En todo esto, aparece Goya con la Gaceta Extraordinaria donde aparece el nuevo nombramiento de Jovellanos como ministro. Todos juntos celebran el fin de la situación conflictiva, confiando en España, que sabrá defenderse ante los franceses.

Desde esta página instamos a los lectores que escuchen esta estupenda zarzuela y si es posible acompañados del libreto, su disfrute será mayor. Aparece un Goya que nada tiene que ver con la ópera anterior ,Goya de Gian Carlo Menotti. Deseamos, a través de la música, acercarnos a la siempre misteriosa figura del Pintor.

DISCOGRAFÍA

La única versión casi completa (le faltan varios números, entre ellos el dúo de la Princesa y Pepita que, como explica el Diccionario de la Zarzuela, se dejó de cantar ya en el siglo XIX quizá por su dificultad, y que hace más valiosa la grabación que figura entre los fragmentos) es la siguiente:

Alhambra 1956 – Dirigen Indalecio Cisneros a la Gran Orquesta Sinfónica y José Perera a los Coros Cantores de Madrid y cantan Ana María Iriarte, Conchita Domínguez, Manuel Ausensi, Carlos Munguía, Rafael Campos, Carlos S. Luque, Enrique Malvado, Joaquín Portillo y Gregorio Gil.

(Puede escucharse en Youtube la obra completa).

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

– CASARES RODICIO, Emilio: “Pan y toros”, en Diccionario de la zarzuela, España e Hispanoamérica, Madrid: instituto Complutense de Ciencias Musicales, 2003, vol. 2, pp. 466-473.

– CASARES RODICIO; Emilio: Francisco Asenjo Barbieri. Vol. 1. El hombre y el creador. Madrid: ICCMU, 1994

– BNE, Biblioteca Nacional de España; Hemeroteca Digital.

– Programa de la representación de la obra. Orquesta Sinfónica y Coro de la Ciudad de Gijón- Teatro Jovellanos. 6 de febrero de 2011.

 

Por la recopilación de textos y diversa información: Silvia Pagliano

Pan y Toros. Goya in Literature 5 • November 2015

Literature, music and theatre are honoured once more the figure of Don Francisco de Goya. This time it’s the famous zarzuela ‘Pan y Toros’ (Bread and Bulls) by maestro Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, composer, musicologist and opera conductor from Madrid. It is a zarzuela in three acts, with libretto in verse of José Picón. It was premiered on 22 December 1864 at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid.

 

THE ARGUMENT

The title of the work refers to the Spanish expression, heiress of the latin panem et circenses (bread and circuses), which describes the feast of the bulls as a diversion that feeds the low passions of the people and dampens the social conflicts.

The argument focuses on the end of the 18th century in Spain, and tells a liberal conspiracy to King Carlos IV to roll back the influence of his Prime Minister, Manuel de Godoy.

Political intrigue that gives rise to the history place, by one side, iniquitous corrupt aristocracy, the franchised and the clique, headlined by chief magistrate Quiñones and Pepita Tudó, lover of Godoy, and on the other, the people, the illustrated and cultured aristocracy, with Goya, the Princess of Luzán and Captain Peñaranda, and as a leader and saviour of the homeland, Jovellanos. Pepe-Hillo, Pedro Romero and Costillares bullfighters also make their appearance in the work.

It is a historic fresco which Barbieri gives a music that has its roots in the popular and goyesco. Thus, emphasizes the dignity of the tune of the 18th century, among other reasons for the musical folklore in Spanish, such as bolero, jota, seguidilla, pasodoble, the gavota and the contradanza and characters as sellers, manolos, manolas, sheriffs, walloon guards, members of a brotherhood and dancers.

It is the first play with success that introduces the figure of Goya, being therefore precursor of goyesco items that so successfully and broadcasting would have throughout the 19th century.

Because of its political content, suffered problems with censorship under the reign of Isabel II.

THE COMPOSER

Francisco Asenjo Barbieri was born in Madrid 3 August 1823, in Zorrilla Street, known then as of the Deaf, and died in the same city on 17 February 1894. After starting studies of Medicine and Engineering, the Italian opera decided to his vocation.

Features José Luis Tellez that Barbieri is the most important musical personality born in Spain between Antonio Soler and Isaac Albéniz and would be called to take to its zenith the model of zarzuela in three acts.

His major works include: Gloria y peluca (Gloria and wig) (1850), Jugar con fuego (Play with fire) (1851), Los diamantes de la Corona (Crown Diamonds) (1854), Mis dos mujeres (My two women) (1855), El Diablo en el poder (The devil power) (1856), Pan y Toros (Bread and Bulls) (1864) and El barberillo de Lavapiés (Lavapiés barber) (1884), considered his masterpiece.

He founded the Society of Bibliophiles, was an indefatigable researcher in the archives of the Cathedral of Toledo, the Monastery of El Escorial and the Royal Palace in Madrid and published, among other gems, the Cancionero de Palacio (Palace Song Book) inexhaustible source of inspiration for him and the musicians who happened to him. In addition he contributed decisively to the construction of the Theatre of the Zarzuela, opened on 10 October 1856.

THE LIBRETTIST

Jose Picón García was born in Madrid in 1829.

He studied architecture but abandoned the race to fully engage in dramatic literature. Attracted by the theatre, he opened in 1859 a short piece, El solterón (The Bachelor), which was very successful. He specialized in librettos of zarzuela, who composed several for Cristóbal Oudrid and Francisco Asenjo Barbieri, above all. He gained popularity with the libretto of Bread and Bulls, with Asenjo Barbieri music and premiered on 22 December 1864, at the Theatre of the Zarzuela in Madrid; the work was represented for three years without interruption and was banned by Queen Isabel II by alleged antiroyalist allusions.

As librettist of the zarzuela is one of the best and least conventional of the history of the Lyric Theatre. He died in Valladolid, in 1873.

THE WORK

The origin of Bread and Bulls (according to the dictionary of the Zarzuela), began writing on 18 January 1864, reason why Picón had to write the script, partial or completely, along 1863. On the other hand, Salvador Valverde ensures Picón gave the libretto to Barbieri in 1864 and that Barbieri was able to compose it in a single month. The work itself could be divided into three parts. The submission responds to the first act in which the characters are displayed. The central part represents the dramatic climax, the heart, vital in zarzuela grande. The final outcome occurs in the latter, the third act.

It was one of the most successful of all the zarzuela repertoire works, and of course, by José Picón. He filled the scenarios since its debut, as already recognized the author before the prohibition of work in 1867, (also banned the bands to make use of the famous parade of manolería).

 

CHARACTERS:

Princesa de Luján (Princess of Luján): Liberal, contrary to Godoy. Mezzo-soprano.

Doña Pepita: Pepita Tudó, morganatic wife of Godoy. Soprano.

La Tirana (The Tyrant): famous popular singer. Soprano.

La Duquesa (The Duchess): Duchess of Alba. Soprano.

La Ciega (The blind): Soprano

Peñaranda: Captain of the army. Baritone.

Goya: Famous painter. Baritone.

Abate (Abbot): Comic Tenor.

General: baritone.

Quiñones: Corregidor. Baritone.

Pedro Romero: Famous bullfighter. Comic tenor.

Pepe-Hillo: Famous bullfighter. Bass.

Costillares: Famous bullfighter. Baritone.

Santero (Species of beggar): Comic Tenor.

Jovellanos: Illustrious Spanish liberal. Actor.

A brother of the mortal sin: Bass.

A waiter’s Chalk: Tenor.

The zarzuela consists of 15 musical numbers. Begins with an instrumental intro in which the author presents the two environments on which rests the work: the dramatic with the appointment of the Marseillaise, and comedian, represented by the music of popular Hispanic character.

ACT I.

The action takes place in Madrid in 1792. In scene, a family of blind on the banks of the Manzanares river commenting on the news of the day. On the right, the house and studio of the Goyas. Enter the chief magistrate Quiñones and receives the news of the fake blind on the last developments in the house of Francisco de Goya. The chief magistrate then climbs to the house of Goya, where maintaining a conversation with Doña Pepita, which discussed the new political events. Appears the general, announcing the defeat and the consequent withdrawal of the Spanish army.

To prevent possible riots, the chief magistrate commands that bullfights be offered, which will carried out by some of the most popular bullfighters: Pepe-Hillo, Romero or Costillares. At the ceremony of choice of the bullfighters, the Abbot, commissioned by the chief magistrate, cheats in favour of Romero. Captain Peñaranda remembers the disastrous military campaign and his astonishment to see how people in Madrid live apart from all this. In the house of Goya, the chief magistrate ordered to arrest the Captain, but appears the Princess and gets to defend him. At the same time advancing a parade which intends to publicly apologize to the King of the soldier sentenced to death. The Princess, moving among the crowd, is headed into the Palace calling for release of the soldier, carrying documents that Captain Peñaranda confided.

ACT II.

The action takes place in a Street in Madrid. It is nigh time. From the balcony of a Palace, where a dance develops, the blind man tries to convince the santero for the death of a soldier but is scared by the arrival of the town crier of the Mortal Sin. Doña Pepita tells the chief magistrate her concerns, as the Princess could destabilize the scene, got the Royal pardon and also informed the monarch of the military situation. The chief magistrate is aware and convinces the King of the alleged falsification of these documents, trusting that signed peace with France, which would allow them to keep the political situation. Appears the Princess -convinced of the failure of the King, who cares about the game and only listen to the opinion of Godoy- accompanied by Goya, the Captain and the Abbot. Because of this situation, they decided to resort to Jovellanos. The Abbot communicates the wound Pepe-Hillo has been done while was bullfighting. They want to make responsible for this the Princess and Jovellanos by their desire for change with bullfighting. The Princess is convinced that, given this situation, the fight is necessary. When dismisses the Captain confesses to him that it was she who healed him of his wounds in Bayonne. When the Captain is left alone, the santero tries to stab him, but is frightened when appears that of the Mortal Sin. Faced with this situation the blind decides to stab the santero. Hearing the mortal cry, the chief magistrates believes that they have killed the Captain, according to his wishes.

ACT III.

Onstage, Jovellanos tries to convince the Princess to delay the profession of vows, while someone appears by surprise and he hides behind the dresser. There is Doña Pepita that apologises to the Princess and announces that it has signed the armistice between France and Spain. The chief magistrate and the General, that want to hasten the entry of the Princess in the convent, come to convince her. The bloody cape of the Captain that presents the chief magistrate is about to change the plans of the Princess, that suddenly hears out a song in the voice of the Captain, deducing that is still alive and decides to confront the chief magistrate, Doña Pepita and the General. It’s a messy moment of confusion at the scene. In all of this appears Goya with the Extraordinary Gazette where it appears the new appointment of Jovellanos as Minister. All together celebrate the end of the conflict situation, relying on Spain, who will know how to defend against the French.

 

From this page we urge readers to listen to this great zarzuela and, if possible, accompanied by the libretto, the enjoyment will be higher. Appears a Goya which has nothing to do with the previous opera, Goya by Gian Carlo Menotti. We hope, through music, get closer to the always mysterious figure of the painter.

DISCOGRAPHY

The almost only complete version (several numbers missing, including a duo of the Princess and Doña Pepita, as it explains the Zarzuela’s dictionary, was left singing perhaps already in the 19th century for its difficulty, and that makes most valuable the recording contained between fragments) is the following:

Alhambra 1956 – Directing Indalecio Cisneros to the great Symphonic Orchestra and José Perera to the Cantores choirs of Madrid choirs and sing Ana María Iriarte, Conchita Domínguez, Manuel Ausensi, Carlos Munguía, Rafael Campos, Carlos S. Luque, Enrique Malvado, Joaquín Portillo and Gregorio Gil.

(It can be heard on YouTube the complete works).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

– CASARES RODICIO, Emilio: Bread and Bulls, in Dictionary of the Zarzuela, Spain and Latin America, Madrid: Instituto Complutense de Ciencias Musicales, 2003, vol. 2, pp. 466-473.

– CASARES RODICIO; Emilio: Francisco Asenjo Barbieri. Vol. I. The man and the creator. Madrid: ICCMU, 1994.

– BNE, National Library of Spain; Digital newspaper archive.

– Program of the representation of the work. Symphony Orchestra and Choir of the city of Gijón – Jovellanos Theatre. 6 February 2011.

 

 

By compiling texts and various information: Silvia Pagliano

Ópera GOYA • G&L 4Opera GOYA • G&L 4

En nuestra sección Goya y la literatura introducimos un comentario sobre una obra musical, concretamente la Ópera GOYA de G.C.Menotti. Desde el punto de vista literario la obra no tiene la altura que se espera dado que la figura de Goya predispone a una creación compleja, tensa y dramática, lo que no quita valor a la creación musical.

Opera Goya en Real Goya

Ópera : GOYA

Ópera en tres actos.
Libreto: Gian Carlo MENOTTI ( 1911-2007)
Estreno: Opera Nacional de Washington, 1986.

Reparto:

Francisco de Goya y Lucientes…………………………….Plácido Domingo

Doña Cayetana, Duquesa de Alba……………………….Michelle Breedt

María Luisa, Reina de España………………………………Iride Martínez

Carlos IV, Rey de España……………………………………..Andreas Conrad

Don Manuel Godoy……………………………………………..Maurizio Muraro

Martín Zapater……………………………………………………Christian Gerhaher

Leocadia……………………………………………………………..Nadia Krasteva

Criada………………………………………………………………….Petra Simkova

Mayordomo…………………………………………………………Sergio Raonic Lukovic

 

DIRECTOR: Emmanuel Villaume

Puesta en escena :Kasper Bech Holte.

Orchesta Sinfónica de la Radio de Viena.

 

Gian Carlo Menotti no fue un músico revolucionario, pero a lo largo de su vida musical exploró distintas direcciones. Fue el primero en componer una Ópera radiofónica y también otra para la televisión.

La música de Menotti gustaba mucho a Plácido Domingo:…”él escribe su música de manera muy melódica, que es la única manera que conviene a un cantante- y siempre

otorga gran placer al público”.

En 1977 Menotti invitó a cenar a Domingo, quien entonces producía Carmen en el Festival de Edimburgo. Domingo le sugirió al compositor que escribiera una Ópera

para él, sobre la vida de un gran artista español y le propuso Francisco de Goya a quien Domingo admira. Menotti aceptó y comenzó a realizar los primeros esbozos. En noviembre de 1986 la obra se puso en escena en la Ópera Nacional de Washington, bajo la dirección de Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos.

Plácido Domingo interpretó a Goya y Victoria Vergara a la Duquesa de Alba.

La crítica no fue muy favorable pues se juzgó la obra carente de modernidad, dema-siado melódica, en la tradición italiana del bel canto. Era evidente que se trataba de una obra hecha para y por un tenor.

 

Para Menotti, Goya simbolizaba al mismo tiempo la libertad y los límites del artista.

La obra está fundada en el dualismo entre el hombre y el pintor, moderno, apasionado y contradictorio, por un lado muy ambicioso y por otro muy prudente en el plano político. Menotti focalizó la intriga sobre la Duquesa de Alba, , el único gran amor de Goya, y de un espíritu opuesto al del pintor, creando así un gran tensión dramática.

La ópera de desarrolla en los últimos años de la vida del pintor. Kasper Bech Holten pone en el centro de su puesta en escena la cuestión: “La Ópera de Menotti transforma la vida de Goya en una reflexión sobre el rol del artista en sí y sobre el precio que debe pagar por ser un Gran Artista”.

Pero también es necesario mencionar aquí que Menotti no fue fiel a los datos de la realidad histórica, particularmente en lo que concierne a la relación amorosa entre el pintor y la duquesa, pero resulta “una buena historia”.

 

Sinopsis:

Acto I: Goya, viejo y sordo está abrumado por dudas y sentimientos de culpabilidad.

En una taberna, se enamora de una joven soberbia. Pronto sabe que esa joven es la duquesa de Alba, una de las mujeres más influyentes de España. Ella le encarga un retrato; durante el trabajo, Goya experimenta hacia ella sentimientos cada vez más intensos.

Acto II: La reina está celosa de la Duquesa de Alba a causa de Goya. La Duquesa la provoca con ocasión de un baile donde sus doncellas de cámara van vestidas con la mismo modelo que la soberana. El Primer Ministro Godoy, amante de la reina, constriñe a Goya a una fidelidad absoluta a la Corte. La Duquesa sintiéndose traicio-nada por el pintor, a quien juzga débil de carácter, rompe su relación con él.

Acto III: Goya comprende, demasiado tarde que ha sido manipulado por las luchas

de poder entre la reina y la duquesa. Se retira de la vida social para consagrarse sólo

a su arte. La Duquesa es envenenada por la reina y en su agonía pide ver a Goya pero el pintor llega demasiado tarde. Goya se enferma y en su soledad reconoce que ha cometido el error de no haber luchado contra las injusticias, y se refugia en la creación. Antes de morir se le aparece la Duquesa de Alba quien le dice que su vida y su arte han estado, a pesar de todo, al servicio de un ideal trascendental.

Efectivamente el libreto de Menotti no se ajusta a la realidad histórica pero cumple con un argumento romántico, quizás un poco pasado de moda. De todos modos, incitamos a los lectores de este artículo, basado en el programa de mano de la Ópera, a que escuchen al estupendo Plácido Domingo en el papel de Don Francisco de Goya.

 

Silvia Pagliano

In our section Goya and Literature we introduce a comment on a piece of music, specifically the Opera GOYA by G. C. Menotti. From the literary point of view the work does not have the height that is expected given that the figure of Goya predisposes to a complex creation, tense and dramatic, which does not remove value to music creation.

Opera Goya en Real Goya

Opera: GOYA

Opera in three acts.
Libretto: Gian Carlo MENOTTI (1911-2007)
Premiere: Washington National Opera, 1986.

Cast:

Francisco de Goya y Lucientes……………………………..        Plácido Domingo

Doña Cayetana, Duchess de Alba………………………          Michelle Breedt

María Luisa, Queen of Spain………………………………..        Iride Martínez

Carlos IV, King of Spain………………………………………..          Andreas Conrad

Don Manuel Godoy……………………………………………..           Maurizio Muraro

Martín Zapater……………………………………………………  Christian Gerhaher

Leocadia……………………………………………………………..  Nadia Krasteva

Maid..………………………………………………………………….   Petra Simkova

Butler…………………………………………………………………   Sergio Raonic Lukovic

 

DIRECTOR: Emmanuel Villaume

Staging: Kasper Bech Holte.

Vienna Radio Symphonic Orchestra.

 

Gian Carlo Menotti was not a revolutionary musician, but throughout his musical life explored different directions. He was the first to compose a radio opera and also one for television.

Music by Menotti liked a lot to Plácido Domingo: …”he writes his music in a very melodic way, that is the only way that a singer – and always gives great pleasure to the public”.

In 1977, Menotti invited Domingo to dinner, who then produced Carmen at the Edinburgh Festival. Domingo suggested to the composer to write an Opera for him, the life of a great Spanish artist and proposed Francisco de Goya to whom Domingo admires. Menotti accepted and began to carry out the first sketches. In November 1986 the work was staged at the Washington National Opera, under the direction of Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos.

Plácido Domingo played Goya and Victoria Vergara the Duchess of Alba.

Critics were not very favourable as the work was judged lacking of modernity, too melodic, in the Italian tradition of bel canto. It was clear that it was a work made for and by a tenor.

For Menotti, Goya symbolized freedom and the limits of the artist at the same time.

The work is founded on dualism between man and painter, modern, passionate, contradictory, on the one hand very ambitious and very wise politically on the other. Menotti focused the intrigue about the Duchess of Alba, the only great love of Goya and with a spirit opposite to the painter, thus creating a great dramatic tension.

The opera takes place in the last years of the life of the painter. Kasper Bech Holten puts at the centre of its staging the question: “Menotti’s Opera transforms Goya’s life into a reflection on the role of the artist itself and on the price you must pay for being a great artist”.

But it is also necessary to mention here that Menotti was not faithful to the historical facts, particularly in what concerns the loving relationship between the painter and the Duchess, but it is “a good story”.

 

Synopsis:

First Act: Goya, old and deaf, is overwhelmed by doubt and guilt feelings.

In a tavern, he falls in love for a young pride. Soon he knows that this young woman is the Duchess of Alba, one of the most influential women of Spain. She commissioned a portrait; during work, Goya experience increasingly intense feelings towards her.

Second Act: The Queen is jealous of the Duchess of Alba because of Goya. The Duchess raises her on the occasion of a dance where her chambermaids are dressed with the same model as the Sovereign. The Prime Minister Godoy, lover of the Queen, constrains Goya to an absolute fidelity to the Court. The Duchess feeling betrayed by the painter, whom she judges with weak character, breaks her relationship with him.

Third Act: Goya understands, too late, that has been manipulated by the fights of power between the Queen and the Duchess. He withdraws from social life to devote himself only to his art. The Duchess is poisoned by the Queen and in her agony she asks to see Goya, but the painter arrives too late. Goya is sick and in his solitude acknowledges that he has made the mistake of not having fought against injustices, and takes refuge in the creation. Before his death the Duchess of Alba appears to him, who tells him that his life and his art have been, despite everything, in the service of a transcendental ideal.

 

Indeed, the libretto of Menotti does not conform to the historical reality but meet a romantic argument, perhaps a little out of fashion. Anyway, we urge the readers of this article, based on the programme of the Opera, to listen to the great Plácido Domingo in the role of Don Francisco de Goya.

 

Silvia Pagliano

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