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Los Goyas de la Económica (III)The Goyas of the Economic (III)

Desde el siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días, el debate entre poder político y económico (servicio público, propiedad privada) domina el escenario europeo desde el Atlántico a los Urales, imponiéndose el segundo, en los últimos tiempos, a un poder político debilitado.  Simultáneamente, el poder cultural, tras el apogeo del Siglo de las Luces, se disipa poco a poco. Desgarrada entre valores laicos y moral religiosa, marginada por las filosofías de la desconfianza –marxismo, freudianismo, estructuralismo-, que ponen en tela de juicio la libertad del sujeto, la influencia cultural se restringe a la esfera privada, a la vida familiar y al tiempo libre.

Lo que era válido al alba del siglo XIX, no se ha visto desmentido al alba del XXI: el arte raramente es promovido por sí mismo, por lo que representa y supone. “Nuestros motivos ya no son inocentes”, reconocía –creo que en 1986- Philippe de Montebello, director entonces del Metropolitan Museum de Nueva York. Cabría preguntarse, únicamente desde una perspectiva pesimista, si alguna vez lo fueron. Porque paralelamente a las razones políticas, también las razones económicas han jugado constantemente un importante papel en toda actividad cultural.

Más de treinta años después de aquellas tres exposiciones iniciales de pura y dura catalogación y difusión, exposiciones que consiguieron atraer numerosísimo público, no solamente local y regional, sino también a especialistas en Goya de la  importancia de  un imborrable profesor Julián Gállego, una Manuela Mena o una Eleanor Sayre, entre otros muchos y  situados ya en un nuevo siglo, nos anuncian  ahora con gran publicidad que un bien nutrido y entusiasta grupo de profesores de la Universidad de Zaragoza, muchos de ellos, se responsabilizan de un nuevo proyecto al parecer muy ambicioso y globalizador, sobre la Sociedad Económica. La comisión de especialistas –Guillermo Fatás, Domingo Buesa, Guillermo Redondo, Eloy Fernández Clemente, Dolores Albiac, Guillermo Pérez Sarrión y José Francisco Forniés-, pronostican que será la gran exposición del año 2014 en esta ciudad, por encima de cualquier otra que nadie pueda mostrar -entendemos- y que en consecuencia distinguirá tanto la actividad cultural de Zaragoza, como la ineluctable repercusión externa a toda clase de escalas y que por supuesto contará con un catálogo-libro que, en consonancia, se supone que constituirá una publicación de referencia. En la convocatoria pública de la muestra se señala (sic) que “en el Patio de la Infanta vamos a mostrar nueve goyas que hasta ahora solo se han visto en fotografía” (¡). Veremos.

A este propósito, el de las grandes exposiciones, no podemos sin embargo dejar de citar aquí que hace ahora veinte años  se produjo un hecho especialmente singular, que llegaría a cambiar radicalmente el concepto de lo que son exposiciones históricas sobre la Ilustración y su coherencia interna. Me refiero a la figura singular de Jean Clair, seudónimo de un soberano historiador de arte francés, Gérard Régnier, que en calidad de director del proyecto y de su catálogo y que con la colaboración de Jean-Pierre Changeux, Michel Lemire, Jean-François Debord, Bruno Jacomy, Alain Mercier, Heinz Schott, Frédéric Charvet, Henri Bonnet, Laura Bossi, Roy Porter, Elisabeth Madlener, Claudio Pogliano, Philippe Sorel, Aaron Sheon, Pietro Corsi, Barbara Larson, Erika Krause, Peter Strasser, Anthea Callen, Anne Harrington, Philippe Comar, Alain Prochiantz, Jacqueline Carroy, Jean-David Jumeau-Lafond, Wieland Schmied, Mark Gisbourne, Germano Celant, Cathrin Pichler y Laurence Kahn  organizó y presentó en las Galerías nacionales del parisino Grand Palais una exposición , “L’âme au corps (arts et sciences  1793 – 1993”), verdadero hito a escala universal y que desde entonces constituye el canon que debe regir toda manifestación en el territorio que se nos anuncia en Zaragoza; es decir, en aquellas exposiciones , y publicaciones, que traten asuntos eruditos o científicos concernientes a la Ilustración y por tanto a la libertad del hombre y sus derechos, al estudio, al dibujo, el grabado y la pintura, a  la anatomía, a la academia, al hombre máquina, a los tiempos de la frenología, a la evolución, al hombre profético, a las emociones y el sueño y a la propia alma. Globalizadoras de cuantas iniciativas puedan considerarse como corrientes innovadoras, propias de la Ilustración.

Por supuesto, la canónica “L’ame au corps” estuvo acompañada de un catálogo-libro  en gran formato, de 560 páginas y excelentemente ilustrado, editado por empresas del prestigio de Gallimard y Electa. Un buen ejemplo de la influencia de dicho canon lo fue la muestra titulada “Mélancolie,( génie et folie en Occident)”, también dirigida por Jean Clair e igualmente presentada entre octubre de 2005 y enero de 2006 en  el Grand Palais parisino y más tarde (febrero a mayo de 2006) en  la Neue Nationalgalerie de Berlin.

Entre ambas, aunque quizás tomada un poco lateralmente, será interesante citar “La peinture comme crime, ou la part maudite de la modernité” que dirigida por Régis Michel se presentó en el Museo del Louvre –hall Napoleon- entre el 15 de octubre de 2001 y el 14 de enero de 2002.

En España es digna de recordar la denominada  “Goya e Italia” de Joan Sureda (Zaragoza, junio-septiembre 2008).  Y también en Europa,  las posteriores “Renaissance to Goya” de Mark P. McDonald en el British Museum (2012), o la de “L’ange du bizarre” de Côme Fabre y Felix Krämer (Museo d’Orsay y Museo de Frankfort), en 2013.

Por ley natural no confiamos que éste sea de nuevo el caso en la exposición que se nos anuncia ahora para Zaragoza, al menos en lo material y presupuestario, aunque sí es de esperar que tratándose de ilustres profesores de nuestra facultad de letras, la brillantez del proyecto y su puesta en página sean merecedoras de aplauso general en todos los ámbitos. Y que, en efecto, constituya la cima expositiva del año, sobreponiéndose a la apertura de nuevos centros culturales y de manifestaciones y foros de todo tipo que puedan mostrarse a los zaragozanos y sus visitantes, iluminando a cuantos tengan la fortuna de ver la exposición anunciada para abril de 2014, y paladeen el libro-catálogo que, estoy seguro, divulgará  con rigor y meticulosidad  la historia y fondos artísticos, documentales, científicos y filosóficos de tan prestigiosa institución zaragozana.

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“La Infanta” por Goya, 1783 Oleo sobre lienzo, 151,2 x 97,8 cm. Munich, Alte Pinakothek

Por otra parte es sabido que en el Siglo de las Luces éstas no son sólo las del espíritu, sino también las de la vida cotidiana, y que en el mundo de las ciudades europeas y de las clases superiores de la sociedad –es el caso de la zaragozana Sociedad Económica- tanto en el vestido como en el amueblamiento triunfaban los tintes claros y luminosos, los colores alegres, las tonalidades “pastel”, principalmente en la gama de los azules, los rosas, los amarillos y grises. Bien que en España el negro sigue entonces siendo dominante, sin embargo retroceden los tonos marrones, violetas o carmesís, las relaciones oscuras y saturadas y los contrastes violentos de siglos precedentes.  Además de la correcta conservación de las obras de arte, de la iluminación, sus tonos, la humedad y las demás obligadas cuestiones técnicas, ¿se deberían  tener en cuenta esta clase de sutilezas en la puesta en escena de la exposición que nos ocupa?.  Sería preferible y hasta exigible, porque en caso contrario nos limitaremos, una vez más en esta hoy daltónica ciudad, a los consabidos rojos cromatológicamente sin origen conocido, o a la también habitual combinación desajustada del amarillo brillante con azul celeste, desgracia invariante en exposiciones zaragozanas de los últimos años, en una población completamente reñida con el color en la que éste sigue siendo un añadido insalvablemente horrible. A manera de ejemplo, invitamos a ver el Paraninfo de la Universidad, o por poner otro ejemplo mucho más reciente, la fachada adyacente de la Diputación Provincial en la cada día peor tratada Plaza de España. ¿Seguirán siendo los especialistas como Juan Carlos Sanz y Rosa Gallego, o un Michel Pastoureau,  unos perfectos desconocidos por estos lares?.

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Alzado del interior del patio de la casa Zaporta, según Prentice, 1893.

Por último y como causa principal y clave de todo lo dicho hasta aquí, reiterar que por encima de todo se trata de Goya y de obras de Goya, de su correcta conservación, transporte, manipulación y exhibición. Es Goya y en consecuencia son obras de arte de importancia capital, que no pueden ni deben quedar expuestas a ningún tipo de inclemente ligereza. Es de desear que en esta inminente ocasión no se pierdan inútilmente energías ni presupuesto en salvas de vulgar márquetin de cartón piedra estropeando, una vez más, el escaparate y la vecindad del Patio de la Infanta ni proporcionando, como actualmente, una imagen de castiza mercadotecnia, distorsionada, incongruente y provinciana de un monumento ejemplar y esencial para el conocimiento del renacimiento zaragozano. Porque en el espíritu de cuanto decíamos anteriormente y ahora insistimos en ello, también en esta clase de acompañamientos mal entendidos desde siempre las exposiciones han padecido la discordancia entre lo que esperaban de ellas sus visitantes y lo que ellas proponían, o pretendían proponer.  Si bien es cierto que muchas exposiciones –porque no han sido pocas- han sido y están siendo espléndidamente útiles para el mejor conocimiento y difusión de la cultura española, serán ahora ineludibles para una buena función educadora la calidad selectiva y el rigor intelectual. Por tanto, ya no valen manifestaciones fuera de escala, o de foco, o de la realidad y el respeto. En los tiempos que nos ha tocado vivir, a la hora de utilizar un  amplio presupuesto y en la necesidad de explicar nuestro pasado para conocernos, es mandato ineludible el alto nivel de exigencia, la sutileza y la excelencia y, por supuesto, menos descuido frívolo, menos colorines, menos desmesura de formas, menos fusiones incoherentes, menos ocultamientos de la realidad arquitectónica, menos despistes infantiles, menos apuntarse tantos ya registrados, menos carpintería y más cuidar con esmero y devoción el patrimonio de todos.

Gonzalo de DiegoFrom the 18th century to the present day, the debate between political and economic power (public service, private property) dominates the European scene from the Atlantic to the Urals, being imposed the second in recent times to a weakened political power. At the same time, cultural power, after the height of the Age of Enlightenment, gradually dissipates. Torn between secular values and religious moral, marginalized by the philosophies of distrust -Marxism, Freudianism, structuralism-, which put into question the freedom of the subject, the cultural influence is restricted to the private sphere, family life and leisure time.

What was true at the dawn of the 19th century has not been debunked at the dawn of the 21st: art is rarely promoted by itself, by what represents and means. “Our reasons are no longer innocent”, recognized -I think that in 1986- Philippe de Montebello, Director then of the Metropolitan Museum in New York. One might wonder, just from a pessimistic view, if it were ever. Because in parallel with political reasons also economic reasons have played consistently an important role in all cultural activity.

More than thirty years after those three initial exhibitions of pure and hard cataloguing and dissemination, exhibitions that were able to attract huge public, not only local and regional, but also specialists in Goya with such an importance as the unforgettable Professor Julián Gállego, Manuela Mena or Eleanor Sayre, among many others, and located in a new century, they announce us now with great advertising that a large and enthusiastic group of professors of the University of Zaragoza, many of them, are responsible for a new project that seems very ambitious and comprehensive about the Economic Society. The Committee of experts -Guillermo Fatás, Domingo Buesa, Guillermo Redondo, Eloy Fernández Clemente, Dolores Albiac, Guillermo Pérez Sarrión and José Francisco Forniés, predict that it will be great exhibition of the year 2014 in this city, above any other that nobody may show -we understand- and that therefore will differentiate the cultural activity in Zaragoza as the inevitable external impact to all sorts of scales, and that will of course have a catalogue that, accordingly, assumes that it will constitute a reference publication. In the public announcement of the exhibition it sates (sic) that “in the Patio de la Infanta are going to be shown nine Goya’s that until now have only been seen in photography” (!). We will see.

In this regard, that of major exhibitions, we cannot however mentioned here that is now twenty years was produced a unique fact, which would radically changed the concept of what are historical exhibitions on the Enlightenment and its internal coherence. I am referring to the singular figure of Jean Clair, pseudonym of a sovereign French Art Historian, Gérard Régnier, that as Chief of Project and its catalogue, and with the collaboration of Jean-Pierre Changeux, Michel Lemire, Jean-François Debord, Bruno Jacomy, Alain Mercier, Heinz Schott, Frédéric Charvet, Henri Bonnet, Laura Bossi, Roy Porter, Elisabeth Madlener, Claudio Pogliano, Philippe Sorel, Aaron Sheon, Pietro Corsi, Barbara Larson, Erika Krause, Peter Strasser, Anthea Callen, Anne Harrington, Philippe Comar, Alain Prochiantz, Jacqueline Carroy, Jean-David Jumeau-Lafond, Wieland Schmied, Mark Gisbourne, Germano Celant, Cathrin Pichler and Laurence Kahn organized and presented at the national galleries of the Grand Palais du Paris an exhibition, “L’âme au corps (Arts et Sciences 1793-1993)”, true milestone in universal scale and since then is the canon that should govern all artistic and cultural manifestation that boasts, in the territory that is announced in Zaragoza; this means, in those exhibitions and publications dealing with scholars or scientific matters relating to Enlightenment and therefore freedom of man and his rights, study, drawing, engraving and painting, anatomy, academy, machine man, phrenology times, evolution, prophetic man, to the emotions and the dream and the own soul. Globalizing many initiatives might be considered as innovative streams from Illustration.

Of course, the canonical “L’ame au corps” was accompanied by a catalogue in large format, 560 pages and excellently illustrated, edited by publishers like the prestigious Gallimard and Electa. A good example of the influence of that canon was the exhibition entitled “Mélancolie, (Génie et folie en Occident)“, also directed by Jean Clair and equally presented between October 2005 and January 2006 in the Grand Palais du Paris and later (February to May 2006) at the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin.

Among the two of them, although perhaps taken a little sideways, will be interesting to mention “La peinture comme crime, ou la part maudite de la modernité” directed by Régis Michel arose in the Louvre Museum -hall Napoleon- between October 15th 2001 and January 14th 2002.

In Spain it is worthy to remember the so-called “Goya and Italy” of Joan Sureda (Zaragoza, June-September 2008). And also in Europe the later “Renaissance to Goya” of Mark P. McDonald in the British Museum (2012), or “L’ange du bizarre” of Côme Fabre and Felix Krämer (d’Orsay Museum and Museum of Frankfort), in 2013.

By natural law are not confident that this is again the case in the exhibition which is now announced for Zaragoza, at least in the material and its budget, although it is expected that in the case of illustrious professors of our University the brilliance of the project and its implementation in page are deserving of general applause in all areas. And to, in effect, constitute the top exhibition of the year, overcoming the opening of new cultural centres and events and forums of all kinds that can be displayed to Zaragoza citizens and its visitors, enlightening those who have the fortune of seeing the exhibition announced for April 2014, and taste the catalogue-book which, I am sure, will report with rigor and meticulous the history and artistic backgrounds, documentary, scientific and philosophical, of such a prestigious institution of Zaragoza.

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“La Infanta” por Goya, 1783 Oleo sobre lienzo, 151,2 x 97,8 cm. Munich, Alte Pinakothek

On the other hand it is well known that in the Century of Lights these are not only those of the spirit, but also the ones of everyday life, and that in the world of European cities and the upper classes of society -is the case of the Zaragoza Economic Society- both in dress as in the furnishing also clear and bright dyes, the bright colours, pastel tones, mainly in the range of the blue, pink, yellow and gray. While in Spain the black then remains dominant, however step back the brown, purple or crimson tones, dark and saturated relations and violent contrasts of preceding centuries. Besides the correct conservation of master pieces, lighting, shades, moisture and other required technical issues, should take into account this kind of subtleties in the staging of the exhibition that we are concerned? It would be preferable and even enforceable, because otherwise we will be limited, once more in this today colour-blind city, the usual red with unknown origin, or to the also usual misadjusted combination of bright yellow with blue azure, invariant misfortune in Zaragoza exhibitions of the last years, in a population completely incompatible with the colour at which this is still an irretrievably awful additive. As an example, we invite you to see the University Auditorium in Plaza de Paraíso, or the adjacent facade of the Provincial Council in the everyday worse treated Plaza de España. Will remain the specialists such as Juan Carlos Sanz and Rosa Gallego or Michel Pastoureau a perfect unknown in this latitude?

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Alzado del interior del patio de la casa Zaporta, según Prentice, 1893.

Finally and as a key and main cause of everything said so far, insist that above all is Goya and the works of Goya, their correct conservation, transport, manipulation and display. It is Goya and consequently they are art works of big importance, which cannot be exposed to any kind of inclement lightness. It is desirable that for this imminent time energies are not lost unnecessarily nor budget in salvos of vulgar marketing of papier-mâché spoiling, once again, the showcase and the vicinity of the Patio de la Infanta nor providing, as currently, traditional marketing image, distorted, incongruous and provincial, of an exemplary and essential monument for the knowledge of Renaissance in Zaragoza. Because in the spirit of what we said earlier and now we insist on this, also in this class of accompaniments misunderstood always, exhibitions have experienced the discrepancy between what their visitors expected from them and what they were proposing, or intended to propose. While it is true that many exhibitions -because they were not few- have been and are being splendidly useful for better understanding and dissemination of Spanish culture, are now inescapable selective quality and intellectual rigor. Therefore, already are not worth demonstrations out of scale, or focus, or reality and respect. In the times that we have had to live, when using a broad budget and need to know our past to know us, is unavoidable mandate the high level of demand, subtlety and excellence and, of course, less frivolous neglect, less colourful, less excess of ways, less incoherent mergers, less concealment of architectural reality, less children’s forgetfulness, less score points already registered, less carpentry and more care with dedication and devotion the heritage of all.

Gonzalo de Diego

Los Goyas de la Económica (II)The Goyas of the Economics (II)

En cuanto al dibujo, el fondo artístico de la RSEAAP cuenta con un muy nutrido conjunto, dado que la Escuela de Dibujo fundada por la Sociedad será el antecedente inmediato de la Real Academia de BBAA de san Luis.

Pablo Jiménez dice que en el Renacimiento italiano el dibujo era algo previo al arte, aunque en su proceso: antes de la pintura, antes de la escultura, antes de la arquitectura, estaba el dibujo. Y pertenecía al taller, al lugar en el que los sueños toman cuerpo. Desde el punto de vista técnico y de la conservación adecuada, su fragilidad y extrema sensibilidad (a la humedad, tanto o más que) a la luz, precisa continuos y severos cuidados. Razón por la que es sabido que deben guardarse sin marco, en horizontal y a oscuras.

Pero no resulta fácil definir o describir qué es un dibujo. Como decíamos antes cuando es de creación, proviene de la primera idea, inicial. José Manuel Matilla, jefe de departamento de Dibujos y estampas del Museo del Prado dice que Goya “constituye una excepción en España. No hubo nada igual antes y, durante mucho tiempo, después”. Y en lo concerniente a su técnica, añade que “Goya corregía poco. Desde el principio lo tenía claro. Sólo incluía matices, unos pocos cambios.”

Será un año más tarde cuando  se finalice el trabajo de primera aproximación y catalogación y exhibición pública de los fondos de la Sociedad Económica. De forma que el 17 de Octubre de 1983 y hasta el 10 de Diciembre del mismo año presentamos la exposición Dibujos de Academia en el Centro de Congresos de la Caja (hoy espacio “Patio de la Infanta”). Se ofrecen al público en general un conjunto de 101 piezas, editándose un tercer catálogo, éste con 108 páginas y 121 reproducciones, de las que solamente una, el posible autorretrato desnudo de Goya, es en color. Nuevamente con texto de Gonzalo de Diego y catalogación, fichas y biografías a cargo del mismo Gonzalo de Diego y de José I. Pascual de Quinto.

Será llevada posteriormente a la ciudad de Valencia, constituyendo la muestra inaugural de la nueva Sala de Exposiciones de la Caja en aquella ciudad. Se inaugura el 22 de Diciembre y se clausura el 21 de enero de 1984. Excepcional acogida en aquella ciudad – no en vano Goya fue también Académico de la de san Carlos- y miles de visitantes celebrando tan singular manera de inaugurar un nuevo centro cultural.

Así pues aquellas exposiciones se compilan en un catálogo global que, suma de los tres editados, dentro de sus modestos límites suponen  254 páginas (66, 80 y 108), con 323 ilustraciones (85, 117 y 121) de ellas 7 en color, con lo que se confirma la idea inicial de un coste muy medido y hasta riguroso  en algunos casos. 309 fueron las piezas expuestas. El objetivo había quedado cumplido de manera que la propia Caja consideró adecuada y que la Sociedad Económica corroboró cumplidamente. Hasta el punto de que personalmente me supusieron, además de la enorme satisfacción moral de hacerlas y el gran honor del mucho trabajo puesto a su servicio, mi nombramiento como Socio Residente de la Real Sociedad Aragonesa de Amigos del País en la Junta celebrada el día 3 de Marzo de 1982.

Pero volviendo a Dibujos de Academia conviene recordar aquí que esa exposición catalogó y presentó públicamente dos dibujos de Goya de excepcional calidad e importancia:

(Probable) Autorretrato de Francisco de Goya y Lucientes. Dibujo a sanguina y tiza blanca sobre un boceto previo en lápiz grafito, sobre papel verjurado blanco. 518 x 352 mm, circa 1785-90. En el reverso hay otro dibujo, a la sanguina. Las inscripciones “Abril 30 de 1792” y de una rúbrica, ambas características de Goya y auténticas, fueron certificadas por el Dr. Canellas, catedrático de Paleografía y Diplomática y autor del Diplomatario de Francisco de Goya.El dibujo fue catalogado con el número 59.

Foto-11
(Probable) Autorretrato de Francisco de Goya y Lucientes.
Dibujo a sanguina y tiza blanca sobre un boceto previo en lápiz grafito, sobre papel verjurado blanco. 518 x 352 mm, Francisco de Goya
.

Desnudo viril de pie y de espaldas. Es copia de un dibujo original de Pompeyo Batoni que también figuró en la misma exposición con el número 31 de catálogo.

Este dibujo, copiado por Goya, está realizado en punta de plomo sobre papel verjurado, preparado y teñido a gris. A diferencia del modelo de Batoni cuyo papel está teñido en azul. 522 x 332 mm. (el modelo de Batoni mide 531 x 400 mm). Realizado por Goya circa  de 1776 a 1790. Abajo a la derecha, dos rúbricas; la de la izquierda es la de don Diego de Torres, secretario de la RSEAAP entre 1776 y 1809?; la segunda, de Francisco de Goya. Catalogado con el número 60.

Foto-10Desnudo viril de pie y de espaldas. Copia del original de Pompeyo Batoni.
P
unta de plomo sobre papel verjurado, preparado y teñido a gris 522 x 332 mm. Francisco de Goya.

Laocoonte (copia del yeso) Dibujo en punta de plomo sobre papel verjurado blanco con filigrana “J.Honig/&/Zoonen”. 482 x 344 mm. En la catalogación y exhibición pública de 1983/84, fue catalogado como un posible anónimo español de la segunda mitad del XVIII (¿Francisco de Goya?). Tiene una posible inscripción ilegible al ángulo superior derecho. Y en el ángulo inferior izquierdo la inscripción “Abril 26 de 82” y rúbrica. Todas las inscripciones y rúbricas corresponden a Francisco de Goya, según dictamen del doctor Canellas. Doña Manuela Mena opinó en su examen previo a la exposición, que muy probablemente se tratase de un original de Goya. (véase mi artículo en este mismo blog, dedicado a Eleanor Axon Sayre en Zaragoza, publicado el 2 de julio de 2013).

Foto-12Laocoonte (copia del yeso)
Dibujo en punta de plomo sobre papel verjurado blanco. 482 x 344 mm. ¿Francisco de Goya?

El blog de Realgoya, publicando estos artículos y testimonios sobre la actividad artística de los últimos años, pretende contribuir a la mejor difusión de la figura y la obra de Francisco de Goya y, en esta ocasión, abrir las puertas de la Sociedad Económica y su patrimonio al mundo digital, permitiendo que muchas personas que no tienen acceso a esas colecciones disfruten de los valiosos beneficios que éste le ofrece, y no solamente para residentes en Zaragoza y España, sino en el ancho mundo de internet. Y en todo caso, que su memoria permanezca accesible y viva para todos.
Volvamos ahora al otro motivo que  nos ocupa: la anunciada exposición sobre  la Real Sociedad Económica Aragonesa que se inaugurará “en torno al 23 de abril”, dado que, como informa María Teresa Fernández, “….su patrimonio e historia son, además, poco conocidos” y, como afirma el comisario de la muestra, Domingo Buesa, “Los fondos que atesora la institución son muy desconocidos por el público en general”. No en balde han transcurrido más de treinta años desde aquellas exposiciones primeras, que venimos glosando, y está claro que ha podido llegar el momento de cerrar este capítulo de la mejor manera posible.

“Nunca se ha hablado tanto de arte y nunca se ha sentido menos que ahora” se condolía Anselm Feuerbach en 1.882. Expresaba así  un malestar que había comenzado a sentirse en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, con el considerable impulso de las exposiciones académicas. El arte comenzaba a convertirse en un asunto público y con él aparecía la figura del crítico. Pero la concurrencia nubla la vista, como constatará Emilio Zola en su crítica  a los salones parisienses de 1866. Si únicamente los ganadores de medallas, es decir aquellos que ya están consagrados, componen los jurados, demanda Zola, ¿de qué protección se beneficiarán entonces aquellos que todavía no tienen medalla para defenderse? Serán precisamente los aficionados quienes se ocupen de hacerlo y desde entonces los artistas buscarán al gran público con la esperanza de encontrar en él un juicio positivo.

En 1763, Diderot loaba la exposición pública como siendo, por encima de todo, una institución que “procura a todos los estadios de la sociedad, y en particular a los hombres de gusto, un impulso útil y una recreación agradable”.  Desde siempre la pulsión de representación del Estado, de la monarquía, del individuo, ha constituido una importante incitación a rodearse de obras de arte. La difusión de las Academias, en el siglo XVIII, debe mucho al orgullo de las cortes buscando deslumbrar por medio del esplendor del arte. Napoleón recibía a los embajadores y diplomáticos extranjeros entre las colecciones artísticas del Louvre, con objeto de demostrarles, prácticamente en contacto con las obras adquiridas en sus conquistas, la unidad de Europa bajo el dominio de Francia. El poder se sirve de la exposición del arte como de un medio de dar al extranjero una representación de sus aspiraciones y de sus modelos, de su política y de su identidad.

De forma que las exposiciones han adquirido un estatuto político, forman parte de los medios privilegiados mediante los cuales se documentan e ilustran el acuerdo, la alianza y la cooperación internacionales, la identidad nacional y regional, la continuidad histórica, la conciencia de sí y el amor a la cultura de un Estado. Por ello y aún a pesar de la tremenda crisis económica actual, siguen siendo todavía justificables este tipo de manifestaciones.  Así pues, desde sus orígenes, las exposiciones han padecido la discordancia entre lo que esperaban de ellas sus visitantes y lo que ellas proponían, o pretendían proponer. Perfectamente consciente de sus prerrogativas y de su nueva responsabilidad, la creciente burguesía de algunos países europeos en el siglo XIX asumirá, ciertamente con natural y sorprendente eficacia, el mecenazgo de los artistas, sustituyendo el papel que hasta entonces había desempeñado primero la Iglesia y luego el Palacio.

(Continuará)

Gonzalo de DiegoIn regard with the drawing, the artistic background of the RAESFC has a very large set since the Drawing School founded by the Society will be the immediate forerunner of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Luis.

Pablo Jiménez says that in the Italian Renaissance drawing was something prior to art, although in its process: before the painting, before the sculpture, before the architecture, it was drawing. And it belonged to the workshop, to the place where dreams take a shape. From the technical point of view and the adequate conservation, its fragility and extreme sensitivity (to moisture, as much or even more than) to the light, requires severe and continuous care. Reason why is well known that they should be stored without frame, horizontally and in the dark.

But it is not easy to define or describe what a drawing is. As we said before when it is created, it comes from the first and initial idea. José Manuel Matilla, head of Department of Drawings and Prints of the Prado Museum says that Goya “constitutes an exception in Spain. There was nothing like him before, and for a long time, since then”. And in regard to his technique, adds that “Goya corrected rarely. Since the beginning had it clear. Only included nuances, a few changes.”

It will be a year later when finishes the job of first approach, and cataloguing and public display of the funds of the Economic Society. Indeed on October 17th 1983 and to December 10th of that same year we present the exhibition Drawings of Academy in the Congress Centre of the Bank (Patio de la Infanta named today). They are offered to the public in general a set of 101 pieces, editing a third catalogue, this one with 108 pages, 121 reproductions, among which only one, the possible nude self-portrait of Goya, is in colour. Once again with text and cataloguing by Gonzalo de Diego, dossiers and biographies in charge of the same by Gonzalo de Diego and José I. Pascual de Quinto.

It will be led later to the city of Valencia, constituting the opening exhibition for the new Exhibition Hall of the Bank in that city. It was inaugurated on December 22nd and ends on January 21st 1984. An exceptional reception took place in that city – not in vain Goya was also academic of San Carlos- and thousands of visitors celebrating such a singular way of inaugurating a new cultural centre.

So those exhibitions are compiled into a global catalogue that, sum of the three released, within its modest limits represent 254 pages (66, 80 and 108), with 323 illustrations (85, 117 and 121) of which 7 in colour, confirming the initial idea of a very measured cost and even rigorous in some cases. 309 were the exposed pieces. The objective had been reached so that the own Bank considered adequate and the Economic Society was duly confirmed. To the point that I personally assumed, in addition to the enormous moral satisfaction to them and the great honour of such a work put at its service, my appointment as a resident member in the Royal Society Aragonese of Friends of the Country at the meeting held on March 3rd 1982.

But returning to Drawings of the Academy it should be recalled here that the exhibition catalogued and publicly presented two drawings by Goya of outstanding quality and importance:

(Likely) Self-portrait of Francisco de Goya y Lucientes. Drawing in sanguine and white chalk on a previous sketch in pencil graphite on white laid paper. 518 x 352 mm, circa 1785-90. On the reverse there is another drawing, to the sanguine. The inscriptions “April 30th 1792″ and a flourish, both characteristics of Goya and authentic, were certified by Dr. Canellas, Professor of Palaeography and Diplomatic and author of Francisco de Goya, El Diplomatario. Drawing was listed with the number #59.

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(Probable) Autorretrato de Francisco de Goya y Lucientes.
Dibujo a sanguina y tiza blanca sobre un boceto previo en lápiz grafito, sobre papel verjurado blanco. 518 x 352 mm, Francisco de Goya.

Manly bare foot and back. It is a copy of an original drawing by Pompeyo Batoni which also appeared in the same exhibition with catalogue number #31.

This drawing, copied by Goya, is made in point lead on laid paper, prepared and dyed in gray. Unlike the model of Batoni whose paper is dyed in blue. 522 x 332 mm. (Batoni model measures 531 x 400 mm). Performed by Goya circa 1776 to 1790. Bottom right, two signs; the left belongs to Don Diego de Torres, Secretary of the RAESFC from 1776 to 1809(?). The second, by Francisco de Goya, listed with the number #60.

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Desnudo viril de pie y de espaldas. Copia del original de Pompeyo Batoni.
P
unta de plomo sobre papel verjurado, preparado y teñido a gris 522 x 332 mm. Francisco de Goya.

Laocoön (copy of the plaster). Drawing on tip of lead on white laid paper with watermark “J. Honig & Zoonen”. 482 x 344 mm. In the cataloguing and public exhibition of 1983-1984, it was listed as a possible Spanish anonymous from the second half of the 18th century (Francisco de Goya?). It has a possible unreadable inscription at the top right corner. And in the bottom left corner it says “April 26th ‘82″ and signature. All inscriptions and signatures correspond to Francisco de Goya, according to opinion of Doctor Cañellas. Doña Manuela Mena said in its review prior to the exhibition that most likely was an original by Goya (See article on this blog dedicated to Eleanor Axon Sayre in Zaragoza, published on July 2nd 2013).

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Laocoonte (copia del yeso)
Dibujo en punta de plomo sobre papel verjurado blanco. 482 x 344 mm. ¿Francisco de Goya?

The blog of Realgoya, publishing these articles and testimonies about the artistic activity of last few years, aims to contribute to the better dissemination of the figure and the work of Francisco de Goya and, on this occasion, open doors of the Economic Society and its heritage to the digital world, allowing many people who do not have access to these collections may enjoy the valuable benefits offered, and not only for residents in Zaragoza and Spain, but in the wide world of the Internet. And in any case, keep his memory alive and accessible for all.

Let’s look now at the other reason that concerns us: announced exhibition on the Royal Society Economic Aragon to be inaugurated “around April 23rd“, in fact, as María Teresa Fernández says, “…its heritage and history are also poorly known” and, as mention the curator of the exhibition, Domingo Buesa, “the funds that holds the institution are very unknown to the general public”. Not in vain have passed more than 30 years since those first exhibitions that we have been relating, and clearly it has arrive the time to close this chapter in the best possible way.

“So much of art has never spoken and has never felt less than now” Anselm Feuerbach sorrowed in 1882. He expressed this way a discomfort that had begun to be felt in the second half of the 18th century, with considerable impulse of academic exhibitions. The art began to become a public affair and with it appeared the figure of the critic. But concurrence blurs the look, as reveal Emilio Zola in his criticism to the Parisian salons in 1866. If only medal winners, i.e. those who are already enshrined, make up juries, demand Zola, what protection those who still have no medal to defend themselves will benefit then? Amateurs will precisely be who deal with doing so and since then artists will seek the general public hoping to find in it a positive judgment.

In 1763 Diderot hymned the public exhibition as being, above all, an institution seeking “to all stages of the society, and in particular men of taste, a useful impulse and a pleasant recreation”. Always the compulsion to representation of the State, the monarchy, the individual, has been an important invitation to be surrounded by art works. The diffusion of the Academies in the 18th century owes much to the pride of the courts seeking to be dazzled by the splendour of art. Napoleon was receiving ambassadors and foreign diplomats among the artistic collections of the Louvre, in order to show them, almost in contact with the acquired works in his conquests, the unity of Europe under the domination of France. Power is served of the art exhibition as a mean of giving abroad a representation of their aspirations and their models, its policy and identity.

In such a way that exhibitions have acquired a political status, they form part of the privileged means by which document and illustrate the agreement, the alliance and international cooperation, the national and regional identity, historical continuity, self-awareness and love to the culture of a State. For this reason and despite the tremendous actual economic crisis, are still justifiable such displays. Thus, since its origins, exhibitions have experienced the discrepancy between what their visitors expect from them and what they were proposing, or intended to propose. Perfectly aware of its prerogatives and its new responsibility, the growing bourgeoisie of some European countries in the 19th century will assume, certainly with natural and amazing efficiency, the patronage of artists replacing the role that until then had first played the Church and then the Palace.

(To be continued…)

Gonzalo de Diego

The Goyas of the Economics (I)

Testimony.

The Royal Aragonese Economic Society of Friends of the Country (RAESFC) was founded in Zaragoza, the city of Goya, and opened its establishment the year 1876, in 5 Reyno Square. Nowadays is addressed at 8 San Jorge St.

In 1980 the Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Zaragoza, Aragón y Rioja (savings bank) inaugurated its new headquarters in Plaza de Basilio Paraíso 2 in Zaragoza. From the very first moment of completion of the building, it was thought that it was appropriate to pay tribute to the Institution that founded the aforementioned Savings Bank, with reason and celebration of its 100th anniversary in 1876. After the pass of more than two hundred years for the first steps of the Economic and one hundred years of the Caja de Ahorros, this wanted to remind its promoter and founder through an exhibition of the funds belonging to its artistic and documentary heritage, and as a full justification of social service be used as public recognition of the RAESFC and political virtues, in the widest sense of the word.

Therefore, 33 years ago around mid of may, the director of the then next to open Exhibition and Congress Centre, Mr. Francisco Ferrán de Irízar communicates me, by decision of the General Manager of the Saving Bank of Zaragoza, Don José Joaquín Sancho Dronda, that the exhibition hall of the Centre is inaugurated with an exhibition dedicated to the artistic funds of the RAESFC, founder of the Savings Bank in 1876. And that such exposure should be open to public in the early days of the month of October in the year 1981.

I was playing my role of curator or director of the art exhibitions of the institution since the month of September 1976, reason why my relationship with the Entity was fluent and continuous, and during one of our usual briefings Ferran, in accordance with the instructions of the Secretary General, Mr. Enrique González-Simarro, means I begin working on the matter and put me in contact with the Director of the Economic, the Marquis of Noya. To this end, it is shown to me to go that very same afternoon to the headquarters of the Economic, in 18 Don Jaime I Street, on the function suite. In the building, at the ground floor, there is an Assembly Hall which is owned by the Savings Bank, as well as the floor in which the Royal Society is domiciled and a few years later will be sold to the Real e Illustrious College of Lawyers of Zaragoza.

Welcomed by Mr. Jaime Jordán de Urríes y Azara, Marquis of Noya, accompanied by the curator of the art collection, Mr. Fausto Jordana de Pozas and partner of the Economic, Mr. José I. Pascual de Quinto, who confirm me the idea of the exhibition and remain at my disposal to show me the collections and start working, telling me that Mr. Pascual de Quinto will be my contact in the Economic and will be showing me everything and helping in as much as could be clarified.

That commission would become one of the milestones of my life, those moments or experiences that marks. In this writing I relive it and want, just from here, to thank this strongly to those who provided such opportunity, a challenge, for the confidence they had and believe that this exciting project could become a reality.

Because of the very limited time to fulfil the entrusted, we agreed to start to work on the next day and have two weekly meetings at the headquarters of the Economic. After the second meeting and due to the large number of pieces within the artistic background, I asked for an interview with Mr. Ferrán and Mr. González Simarro to whom I expose the work exceeds me in two ways: there are more than enough to make more than one exhibition and there is no time to do the job properly under the initially commanded conditions, because the collection is practically uncataloguing. This is the reason why I intend to comply with the mandate from Management opening the artistic season October 81 to June 82 with the collection of painting and some objects and, in the following years, to open the artistic seasons with drawings and engravings. Of course, in all three cases, presenting respective selections not exhaustive.

My proposal is accepted, so that I can start working on a more specific aspect of the collections, regardless of finishing a first approach to the totality of the artistic background prior to the work of cataloguing. Between one thing and another, we arrived to the month of June 1981 without having practically nothing done and did start to work, Mr. Pascual de Quinto and me, at evening meetings and without any external support.

It should be noted here that the project has no budget, Mr. Pascual de Quinto nor I receive any kind of fee for the work and is shown to me in the Savings Bank that cost must be as minimum as possible. Thus, we began the first cataloguing of the first sample (paintings, drawings and elevations of the lodge of the Gallery of the Vatican Palace, by Juan de Udine and Rafael Sancio, and the original monetary wardrobe of don Pedro Valero, painted by M. Salvador Maella), with only four months ahead nor one more day, and with the interruption of the month of August in which the two secretaries of the Economic have their holidays and the Institution and what hosts at its headquarters is closed. Tough work, rough task bordering on the miracle. That summer the Economic took our holidays intact…

There is the need, at the same time and within my duties as responsible for the exhibitions of the Savings Bank, to enable minimally space of the new exhibition Hall of the Savings Bank, design and layout a catalogue to use as a model for this and the following exhibitions, organize the design for invitations, advertising, posters, etc. and, of course, combine this work with the corresponding to the organisation and implementation underway following exhibitions to be held at the Hall of the Congress and Exhibition Centre in that same season (Benjamín Palencia; Pablo Serrano; Joan Miró; etc) and in the following (second exhibition with the funds of the Economic with drawings by J. B. Piranesi and A. Specchi, contemporary Spanish Art of the March Foundation, etc., and Academy drawings from the Economic, which will constitute the third exhibition). Also the coordination, programming and operative of the other exhibition Halls of the Savings Bank, either in Zaragoza, Huesca, Teruel, La Rioja (Logroño, Calahorra, Santo Domingo), Guadalajara and little afterwards -December 1983- in the city of Valencia.

With an unknown budget and the warm request of minimum waste/expense as possible, the work is completely individual and without any support to do it. In any case, with the direct support of Mr. Ferrán and González-Simarro within the structure of the Savings Bank, and the sporadic collaboration of the secretary of Mr. Ferrán, Mrs. Mª Pilar Español, for urgent and essential matters.

Then well, carried out the first inspection and approach to the RAESFC artistic funds, we request from the curator of the collection and the librarian of the institution may provide us as many catalogues and art inventories are held in it. Founded in 1776, there are and lend at our disposal the inventory/catalogues of 1828 (*) and 1842 (**). And the Minutes of the Economic. We also used some Academy Minutes which relate to its awards in 1801 (***) and the catalogue of the exhibition for the Fernando the Catholic Institute, dated 1966 (****), as well as frequent consultation to the book by José Francisco Forniés Casals, based on the Economic, edited by the C.E.C.A. sponsored by the Savings Bank. It is that, although previously he had not performed this kind of work, considered the role of Mr. Pascual de Quinto as important, mutually agreed on everything and from the very first moment I considered that the curator of the exhibition should be and was shared by both. So to my proposal it was approved by the Savings Bank as promoter and patron of the project, and so is understood in the appropriate catalogue of each exhibition. And in which it is said that these exhibitions “offer the possibility to show in Zaragoza and to any interested person, a representation of one of the most prolific of the artistic history of our region, which was the XVIII century and the first third of the XIX” (sic).

The first exhibition is held in Zaragoza from October 9th to November 7th 1981, travelling lately to Huesca (Genaro Poza Cultural Centre) exhibiting from January 5th to February 8th 1982 and Teruel (in the new main office of the Savings Bank in Teruel) from February 9th to March 21st 1982. Such were the times that were then estimated the best for each city and thus were shown publicly. They are catalogued and exposed 91 pieces and are accompanied by a catalogue that contains 85 illustrations, of which 6 in colour, with texts, cataloguing and Gonzalo de Diego and José. I. Pascual de Quinto tabs. Among them are shown 6 works by Goya’s hand.

By the way, in my opinion, the greatest thing that happened to the Economic was the presence of Goya; how it sounds like. Nothing got in it more importance and resulted from greater range; from the point of view of art and high culture, nothing and no one were a shred of greater added value that the presence real and testimonial of Goya. In the enlightened spirit of a Voltaire, a Federico de Prussia, a Thomas Jefferson or a Nicolás de Condoncert, the wisdom and erudition of our local illustrates, as Juan Martín de Goicoechea, the Ambassador José Nicolas de Azara and the Pignatelli family, as well as their cosmopolitanism and sense of patronage, worth the Royal Society the coming of Goya and his spectacular contribution. Illustrates and skilful businessmen, there were in them a great desire to know, to approach the most cultural cities as Rome, a city that breathes eternal beauty, which had opportunity to be bright and help others to be. And they took advantage of it to innovate and also updating the Drawing teaching methods and Fine Arts, subject to most advanced fees at that time in Europe and with their contribution honoured, enriched and dignified Zaragoza and Aragon, faithful to “Bloom up encouraging” their founding motto.

Goya is named merit member of the Aragonese Economic Society; notified to the artist on October 22nd 1790, replies the painter, grateful and willing, in the letter of 29th of the same month.

Among his direct contributions and his patrons and colleagues from the RAESFC, 5 paintings and 1 attribution are preserved:

• The Virgin crowned to Santa Teresa (sketch). Also entitled The Virgin imposes the collar to Santa Teresa in presence of San José. Oil on wood, 24.5 x 37 cm and numbered with #51 in the 1981 catalogue.

• Appearance (sketch). Also entitled Apparition of the Virgin to Santa Teresa. Oil on wood, 24.5 x 37 cm and numbered with #52 in the 1981 catalogue.

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[one_half]Aparición de la Virgen a Santa Teresa. Oleo sobre tabla, de 24,5 x 37 cm[/one_half][one_half_last]La Virgen coronando a Santa Teresa (boceto). Oleo sobre tabla, de 24,5 x 37 cm[/one_half_last]

Aesop the storyteller (circa 1778). Oil on canvas, 24.5 x 42.5 cm. Copy made by Goya of the picture by Velasquez, same theme. Listed in 1981 with the number #88.

• Menippus the philosopher (circa 1778). Oil on canvas, 23.5 x 42 cm. Like the previous one, it is a copy of Velasquez’s same theme. Besides, as the previous one, has a history of an etching by Goya dated in 1778 and measures 22 x 50,5 cm, catalogued by Gassier with number #103. Listed in 1981 with the number #89.

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[one_half]Esopo el fabulador.  Oleo sobre lienzo, de 24,5 x 42,5 cm[/one_half][one_half_last]Menipo el filósofo . Oleo sobre lienzo, de 23,5 x 42 cm[/one_half_last]

• Unidentified scene (blur) Circa 1780-81. Oil on canvas, 19 x 31.5 cm. Catalogued with the number #90 in the 1981 catalogue.[/one_half_last]

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 Escena no identificada (borrón) . Oleo sobre lienzo, de 19 x 31,5 cm.

 

• The headdress of the Lady (attributed, but more than doubtful). Oil on paper, 21 x 31 cm. Catalogued with number #87 in the 1981 catalogue.

For more details it is convenient to read the aforementioned catalogue of 1981, in which its authors declares it is a first approach to a serious cataloguing of the collection of paintings, leaving the door open for other jobs that later in future, with more time and possibilities, might closing the chapter of these paintings with total guarantee and reliability. It isn’t, however, the same case for what regards in the engravings and academic drawings that, with more time, will be treated more deeply and with a more stable character.

The 1981 exhibition was divided into three groups of distinct works corresponding to:

  1. A first group, consisting of the relationship of Directors of the RAESFC whose portraits are in its artistic background, as well as the portraits of those personalities whose relationship with the Royal Society was relevant.
  2. A second group comprising the 19 plans and elevations for the lodge of the Gallery of the Vatican Palace, by Juan de Udine y Rafael Sancio.
  3. And a third group of works that constitute the bulk of the exhibition and, at the same time, was subdivided because of its subject matter into the following groups:
  • Religious themes.
  • Sketches of domes, ceilings and domes.
  • Other portraits and self-portraits.
  • Profane themes.

In October 1982 the second exhibition of the Royal Society, dedicated to the engraving which, with the title of “Etchings by Juan Bautista Piranesi and Alessandro Specchi” opens in the Savings Bank (Congress Centre) and is publicly presented on the 7th closing on November 6th 1982. This exhibition also travelled to Huesca (February 8th to 26th 1983) and Teruel (December 3rd to 18th 1982).

In it was presented publicly 65 Views of Rome which, except for another 15 who were sent to restore at the, if I remember, Paper Restoration Institute, of the C.S.I.C., – what today is the Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain-, constitute the background of views owned by the Society. Views that have left that image of Rome devoured by time, neglect and decline through its main monuments.

A lot has been written about Piranesi and published his work, reasoned and profusely. Among the many opinions on him, there is who argue that is an avid encyclopaedist of the art forms during the Imperial Roman past, and that has a special place in the History of Art for being one of the first to operate a critic, as radical as lucid, about the myth and the tradition of the classic. There is a high probability that Goya met personally Piranesi and we are confident that saw his work. To do so, it might be the influence of the Italian on the Spanish as it is known that Piranesi will be part to a short essay, written by Nodier in 1836, in where is mentioned as the only artist who had left influenced his art with his nightly dreams. Nodier argued that prisons of Piranesi or the Carceri were daytime reflections of obsessive nightmares of imprisonment, isolation and repression. And he believed that Piranesi was suspicious of having intentionally built its architecture, reminiscent of the labyrinth of nightmare that had been wrapped him in dreams. That puts us in a track of Goya after the Goya of the Economic.

In the exhibition of the 82, together with the piranesianan Roman views and due to the thematic analogy, although nearly half a century earlier, they were catalogued and showed the 52 etchings that put together the Fourth Book of the New Theatre of the Palaces in perspective of Modern Rome, recorded by Alessandro Specchi under the direction of Doménico de Rossi, in the edition made by this one in its Roman intaglio in year 1699.

There were presented two versions of Rome, different for its treatment and conception, but with the common nexus of the Roman monumentality at the end of the XVII and first half of the XVIII. Through both versions identify the invariants of the various Roman architectures: the Roman properly meant in the engravings by Piranesi and the Renaissance and Baroque by Specchi. With a common catalogue of 80 pages, lavishly illustrated with 117 black and white illustrations were exhibited the above 117 prints, with a text and cataloguing of Gonzalo de Diego and the collaboration of José Pascual de Quinto.

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Frontispicio de las Vistas de Roma. Aguafuerte  460 x 674 mm  JB Piranesi


Foto 7
Veduta del Hospicio Apostólico para pobres en San Michele de Ripa.
Aguafuerte, 195 x 323 mm. A. Specchi

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Veduta del Palacio de la Curia romana en Monte Citorio.
Aguafuerte, 236 x 372 mm. A. Specchi


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Galería de estatuas de Villa Adriana. Aguafuerte, 453 x 578 mm. JB. Piranesi

In this regard, and in the case of Rome, is also exciting to see in current erudite cinema (La Grande Belleza, by Paolo Sorrentino and Umberto Contarello) how there are still today beautiful vestiges as exceptional as the Neronian Aqueduct that, from the Porta Maggiore brought the water to the Palatine and that so superbly engrave J.B. Piranesi in the print on etching that conserves the Economic. Same does the illusionistic architecture in the game of the trompe l’oeil,-in Spanish trampantojo (trick; fiddle; cheat)-, or reminiscent of the beautiful villas on the suburbs of Rome that in detail shows etchings by Alessandro Specchi. Like that of Prince Borghese, outside of Porta Pinciana, or others in Esquilino Mount or in Frascati.

There are no prints by Goya in the collection of the Economic Society, since Goya later begins to engrave the etching and neither his collections nor loose prints on etching or lithographed enters into the Royal Society, nor legacy directly by the artist or by other benefactors of his artistic and documentary fund.

To be continued…

Gonzalo de Diego

(*) Catalogue of paintings and sculptures that have and are placed in the halls of the Royal Academy of Noble and Fine Arts of San Luis in the city of Zaragoza… on April 29th 1828 (published in 1926).
(**) Catalogue of paintings and plans of the Academy of San Luis and Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, M. Peiró, 1842.
(***) Minutes from the “Book of Minutes”, volume 18, 1793 manuscript of the Royal Aragonese Economic Society, as well as those of years 1799, 1800,1802,1803 and minutes of the Royal Academy of Noble Arts established in Zaragoza with the title of San Luis and relationship of the prizes distributed on August 2nd 1801.
(****) Goya and his academic beginnings. Drawings of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Luis in Zaragoza, centuries XVI – XVIII; Palace of Sástago, Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza, October 10th – December 15th 1996, texts by Arturo Ansón and Ricardo Centellas.

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